Dab tsi yog demagoguery thiab yuav ua li cas sib txuas lus nrog ib tug demagogue

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Kawm paub txog kev txhob txwm dag, kev npau taws thiab lwm yam txuj ci demagogic thiab tshem riam phom hauv kev sib tham ncaj ncees.

Dab tsi yog demagoguery

Demagoguery (los ntawm Greek "tsoomfwv ntawm cov neeg") yog kev hais lus rau tib neeg raws li kev txhob txwm tshaj tawm qhov tseeb. Lwm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus no yog kev xav lossis kev xav tau, uas yog raws li kev txhais lus ntxhib thiab ib sab ntawm yam, xwm txheej, tshwm sim.

Yooj yim muab tso, demagoguery yog kev tswj hwm uas yog ua raws li qhov tsis lees paub qhov tseeb lossis cov lus dag tsis tseeb thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib tham sim ua kom tiav lawv cov hom phiaj.

Lo lus "demagogue" tsis yog ib txwm Demagogue. Merriam-Webster tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv ancient Greece, nws yog Ameslikas siv nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau pej xeem cov thawj coj, nrov politicians. Cov no yog cov neeg uas muaj peev xwm yeej ntau ntawm lawv sab tsuas yog ua tsaug rau lawv cov kev txawj hais lus. Piv txwv li, lub npe hu ua "Lubker's Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities". Tshaj tawm los ntawm Society of Classical Philology thiab Pedagogy. SPb. 1885 Pericles, yog ib tus tsim ntawm Athenian kev ywj pheej.

Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, lo lus no tau pib siv rau hauv kev xav tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo, raws li Pericles 's successors pib curry nyiam nrog cov neeg thiab sib tw hauv eloquent populism. Txawm li ntawd los, kev nkag siab ntawm lo lus "demagogue" tau mus txog niaj hnub no.

… Pericles, vam khom rau nws lub meej mom thiab lub siab, ua, pom tseeb, feem ntau incorruptible ntawm cov pej xeem, ywj siab txwv cov neeg coob coob, thiab tsis ntau npaum li cas nws coj nws raws li nws coj nws. Vim qhov tseeb tias Pericles tau txais kev cuam tshuam tsis yog los ntawm kev tsis pom zoo, nws tsis tau hais kom txaus siab rau cov neeg coob coob, tab sis tuaj yeem, vam khom nws lub meej mom, txawm tias nws npau taws rau qee txoj kev …

Es tsis txhob, Pericles ' successors sib npaug; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhua tus ntawm lawv, sib zog ua thawj, txaus siab rau cov neeg thiab muab lawv nrog tsoomfwv.

Thucydides. Keeb kwm. II. 65

Yuav luag ob thiab ib nrab xyoo txhiab tau dhau los txij li lub sijhawm Pericles, thiab demagoguery thiab demagogues tseem muaj. Feem ntau nrog lawv koj tuaj yeem Tarasov V. K. Pragmatic logic. M. 2018 rau kev sib tsoo hauv kev nom kev tswv, kev tshaj tawm thiab kev tshaj tawm, tab sis nyob rau hauv tsev neeg demagoguery tsis yog qhov tsis tshua muaj. Yog li ntawd, nws tsim nyog xav txog seb lawv siv dab tsi thiab yuav tiv thaiv lawv li cas.

Cov txheej txheem dab tsi siv demagogues?

Cov txheej txheem ntawm demagoguery yog tsom rau qhov tsis meej pem qhov tseeb, distorting logic thiab qhov tseeb uas tawm tsam cov kev xav ntawm demagogue, nrog rau kev npau taws thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv.

Assertions Raws li xav txog Logic

Txhawm rau lees paub lawv txoj haujlwm, demagogues feem ntau siv qhov laj thawj uas zoo li muaj laj thawj. Tab sis tsuas yog thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Piv txwv li: "Lavxias teb sab cov cai txwv tsis pub muag cov khoom uas tsis ua raws li kev cai huv huv. Escherichia coli tau pom nyob rau hauv ib pawg ntawm Lithuanian yogurt, yog li txhua yam khoom Lithuanian yuav tsum raug txwv."

Cov laj thawj zoo li no yuav zoo ib yam li syllogisms - kev tsim cov laj thawj, qhov twg, ntawm ob qhov kev txiav txim, ib feem peb raug txiav tawm. Tab sis qhov tseeb, cov lus no ntawm demagogues yog ze rau sophisms - pib cov lus tsis tseeb uas tau nthuav tawm raws li qhov tseeb thiab tsim kom muaj kev nkag siab ntawm kev xav.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum suav nrog cov lus hais txog kev hloov cov ntsiab lus: “Koj hais tias hnub ci zoo kawg nkaus. Tab sis yog tias muaj cua sov txhua lub sijhawm, txhua yam muaj sia yuav ploj mus!”

Ib nrab lossis tag nrho tsis quav ntsej txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov teeb meem

Kev xaiv teb cov lus nug lossis txawm hais txog ib yam dab tsi tsis meej yog ib qho ntawm cov tswv yim nyiam ntawm demagogues. Thaum nug seb lawv cov nyiaj hli twg thiab lawv cov tub txib muaj, lawv yuav teb tias cov nyiaj tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv lawv txoj haujlwm thiab tsuas yog cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm rau lawv. Yog li, demagogues zam cov lus nug tsis xis nyob lossis yuav lub sijhawm los teb rau lawv.

- Koj npaj yuav ua dab tsi yav tom ntej?

- Koj paub, kuv kawm tiav hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, kawm rau xyoo, thiab tam sim no kuv yuav tsum xav txog yuav ua li cas ntxiv. Ntau tus neeg niaj hnub no tsis ntseeg txog kev kawm qib siab. kuv xav tias qhov no tsis yog lawm…

Lwm cov txheej txheem yog kev tsom mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb, thaum lub demagogue clings rau tus nrog sib ntaus cov lus, tab tom nrhiav rau me me yuam kev thiab inaccuracies nyob rau hauv lawv. Feem ntau, nws tus kheej kuj ua yuam kev txhais cov lus ntawm sab nraud, raws li thawj lub koom haum uas tuaj rau hauv lub siab. Piv txwv li, ib tug demagogue tuaj yeem liam tus interlocutor ntawm qhov tsis paub txog keeb kwm nkaus xwb vim nws tsis paub tias muaj pes tsawg tus poj niam ntawm Askiv Henry VIII Tudor muaj (muaj rau ntawm lawv, yog tias muaj dab tsi).

Tsis tsim nyog generalization

Demagogues thov rau qee "peb" thaum nws haum rau lawv. Piv txwv li: "Yog tias koj tsis nyiam cov paj huam ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam, koj tsis nyiam Russia thiab tag nrho cov Russians!" Tab sis qhov tseeb lawv tsis quav ntsej lwm tus, thiab cov demagogues siv dav dav tsuas yog muab qhov hnyav rau lawv cov lus.

Hloov ntawm "tom qab" thiab "dua" txuas

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov demagogues feem ntau tsis nco qab tsis meej pem "tom qab" thiab "raws li qhov tshwm sim" lossis txhob txwm hloov tus thawj nrog thib ob. Sib piv: "Kuv tau txais kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj cov ncuav mog qab zib tsis zoo thiab tau txais zaub mov lom vim nws" thiab "Tom qab koj hnub yug, kuv mob plab. Cov ncuav mog qab zib yuav tsum tau stale."

Tsim kom muaj qhov tsis muaj tseeb

Lwm cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws ntawm demagoguery, uas yog feem ntau siv unconsciously, yog cov creation ntawm ib tug tsis muaj tseeb dilemma, yuam ib tug xaiv los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov kev xaiv, txawm lub fact tias muaj ntau ntau ntxiv.

- Koj tsis nyiam miv? Tsis yog tsis muaj dab tsi li, thaum kuv pom koj, kuv xav tias muaj ib tug dogman nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm kuv!

- Koj puas xav kawm? Koj puas xav ua haujlwm ua tus saib xyuas?

Thov txim rau qee qhov kev paub dav dav

Demagogues nyiam tshaj tawm lawv cov lus nrog cov kab lus: "Txhua tus tau paub ntev tias …", "Nws yog ruam tsis lees paub qhov tseeb …". Feem ntau tsis muaj dab tsi tom qab cov nqe lus no, thiab los ntawm "tag nrho" demagogue txhais tau tias tsuas yog cov neeg pom zoo nrog nws. Los ntawm nws qhov kev xav, txhua yam yog qhov laj thawj, vim tias hauv demagoguery tsuas muaj ob txoj kev xav: kuv thiab tsis yog.

Feem ntau cov neeg zoo li no tshaj tawm tias "txhua yam tau paub thiab sau tau ntev", "koj yuav tsum tig koj lub taub hau" thiab "nrhiav koj tus kheej, yog tias koj xav tau, muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tsis xav tias nws yuav tsum tau xa mus rau qhov chaw lees paub lawv cov lus (feem ntau yuav, tsis muaj ib qho).

Personalization thiab insults

Thaum ib tug demagogue raug pinned rau phab ntsa nrog qhov tseeb uas nws tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam, nws tig mus rau kev thuam thiab pom kev ua txhaum ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg sib tham: "Tsuas yog cov neeg ruam ua qhov no!", "Koj tuaj yeem paub dab tsi txog kev ua neej nyob? Koj tsis yog sociologist lossis economists, koj tseem tsis tau muaj kev kawm siab dua!”

Dab tsi views ntawm architecture tus neeg tuaj yeem nthuav tawm yam tsis muaj npe?

Mikhail Zhvanetsky. "Kev tsis sib haum xeeb style"

Ntxiv nrog rau cov tswv yim no, cov demagogues kuj hlub lwm tus, piv txwv li, nrhiav cov scapegoats, hem lawv cov neeg tuaj saib nrog "qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo", qhia kev thuam rau lawv cov neeg tawm tsam thiab cog lus tias qhov ua tsis tau ("Sau npe rau kuv qhov kev kawm - thiab hauv ib hlis koj yuav nres mus ua hauj lwm thiab yuav mus rau BMW ").

Yog vim li cas demagoguery yog teeb meem

Qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm demagoguery tau pom los ntawm "Lubker's Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities." Tshaj tawm los ntawm Society of Classical Philology thiab Pedagogy. SPb. 1885 tseem xav txog Ancient Greece. Siv cov tswv yim demagogic, dag ntxias thiab ob-ntsej muag cov neeg ua tiav lawv lub hom phiaj thiab, ntxiv rau, ntxias lwm tus tias lawv yog. Yog li ntawd lawv distort qhov tseeb, ua rau nws elusive thiab unattainable, tsim txom lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug ntau ntawm kev xav thiab noj qab haus huv polemics. Kev txaus siab rau kev khav theeb, kev xav tsis thoob, ambition thiab ambition thiab deceiving tib neeg, demagogues nkaum lawv atrocities: kev noj nyiaj txiag thiab arbitrariness.

Demagoguery cuam tshuam los ntawm cov teeb meem tiag tiag, tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev paub thiab nrhiav kev daws teeb meem, tsim cov kev ntseeg cuav thiab kev cia siab tsis tsim nyog, imposes tswv yim txog "txoj cai" thiab "tsis yog".

Tsis tas li ntawd, demagoguery, txhob txwm los yog yuam kev, manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub ntawm tib neeg. Qee tus siv nws los npog lawv qhov tsis muaj peev xwm, lwm tus siv nws ua riam phom ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, thiab lwm tus hauv txoj kev no qhia kev tsis zoo thiab ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb.

Nws tshwm sim tias tus neeg tsis nco qab siv cov txheej txheem ntawm demagoguery. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej thuam lwm tus, xav txog seb koj tsis yog tus neeg demagogue koj tus kheej.

Yuav ua li cas sib txuas lus nrog ib tug demagogue

Kev npau taws ntawm demagogues hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog kev tshawb nrhiav qhov tseeb lossis kev ncaj ncees. Lub hom phiaj tiag tiag yog los ua pov thawj tias lawv lub tswv yim yog qhov tseeb xwb. Lawv sim txhais txhua yam hauv lawv txoj kev nyiam, tsim kev txaj muag txhawm rau txhawm rau zais qhov tsis muaj kev sib cav hauv kev tiv thaiv lawv txoj haujlwm, thiab tshaj tawm qhov kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lawv txoj kev yeej.

Yuav kom nkag siab tias koj muaj ib tug demagogue nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj, nws yog txaus los piv nws cov lus thiab kev sib cav nrog cov tswv yim manipulative qhia saum toj no.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj rau tus demagogue tias nws yog tus demagogue.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam nrog cov neeg zoo li no, lean ntawm qhov tseeb uas koj tuaj yeem paub meej. Xa mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, thiab tsis yog rau kev paub txog "kev paub dav dav", xyuam xim rau tus neeg demagogue nws tus kheej hais txog.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis txhob cia nws coj koj tawm ntawm lub ntsiab lus: ua raws li kev sib tham, hais kom teb cov lus nug. Tsis txhob tso cai rau koj los sau cov lus txiav txim los ntawm demagogue, thiab yog tias koj raug thuam, siv cov lus pom zoo yuav ua li cas los teb rau kev tawm tsam.

Feem ntau nws ua rau kev txiav txim siab tsis txhob koom nrog ib tug demagogue thiab tsis txhob nkim sij hawm thiab siv zog sib cav nrog nws. Tab sis yog tias koj pom koj tus kheej hauv qhov xwm txheej uas koj xav tau los tiv thaiv koj txoj haujlwm, sim ua kom sib haum xeeb thiab sib cav sib ceg rau nws thiab nthuav tawm koj tus nrog sib cav lus dag. Yog li koj tuaj yeem ntseeg lwm tus neeg ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev sib cav thiab kev txiav txim ntawm demagogue.

Thaum kawg, cov lus dag tsuas tuaj yeem tawm tsam nrog kev pab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseeb: nthuav tawm cov lus dag thiab tsis saib xyuas kev txhoj puab heev thiab kev thuam thuam.