Synergetics: puas muaj tiag tiag txoj cai uas piav qhia txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Tsis txhob cuam tshuam qhov kev qhuab qhia no nrog pseudoscientific txoj kev xav.

Dab tsi yog synergetics

Synergetics yog ib qho kev sib koom tes ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas tshawb txog qee cov txheej txheem ntawm tus kheej lub koom haum hauv qhov xwm txheej. Lub npe los ntawm cov lus Greek thaum ub συν thiab ἔργον - "ntxiv" thiab "kev lag luam", uas txhais tau tias "kev koom tes, kev pab."

Synergetics yog kawm los ntawm VB Gubin, ntawm txoj kev ntawm pseudoscience. M. 2004 macroscopic xaj tshuab, uas txawv ntawm qhov zoo tib yam thermodynamic (chaotic) systems nyob rau hauv uas tus kheej lub koom haum yog tsim nyob rau hauv lawv: cov qauv, vortices, vuag los yog raws sij hawm oscillations.

Txhua yam tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv uas cov molecules tsim, kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab hauv cov atoms, roj turbulence - tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem hu ua piv txwv ntawm kev sib koom ua ke. Qhov taw qhia tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog tsim ("loj") ntawm cov muaju.

Txoj hauv kev ntawm cov txheej txheem sib koom ua ke yog qhov nyuaj heev los kwv yees. Raws li cov xwm txheej zoo ib yam, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv; yog li ntawd, lawv tau piav qhia los ntawm cov kab zauv tsis sib npaug. Lub sijhawm thaum muaj "kev xaiv" ntawm ib qho kev sib tw ntxiv yog hu ua bifurcation ntsiab lus.

Ib qho ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib koom ua ke yog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov txheej txheem dissipative uas nws tus kheej tswj hwm ntawm qib macroscopic. Rau qhov no, Belgian physicist thiab chemist Ilya Prigogine tau txais Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov qauv dissipative yog qhov hu ua Benard vortices. Lawv tuaj yeem pom thaum, thaum tshav kub, cov txheej nyias nyias ntawm cov kua pib ncig thiab nqis, tsim cov hlwb peculiar ntawm cov duab hexagonal tsis tu ncua.

Thawj zaug cov lus hauv nws txoj kev nkag siab tam sim no yog Knyazeva E. N. Synergetics. Encyclopedia ntawm Epistemology thiab Philosophy ntawm Science. M. 2009 tau qhia hauv 1969 los ntawm German theoretical physicist Hermann Hacken.

Dab tsi yog pseudosynergetics

Muaj ntau lub tswv yim nyob ze rau kev sib koom ua ke: nonlinear dynamics, txoj kev xav ntawm txoj kev hloov kho yooj yim, txoj kev xav ntawm kev txiav txim siab chaos, lossis fractal geometry, txoj kev xav ntawm autopoiesis, txoj kev xav ntawm tus kheej-kev thuam, kev xav ntawm cov qauv tsis nyob ruaj ruaj nyob rau hauv hom nrog exacerbation.

Hauv qee qhov kev txhais lus, synergetics yog dav dav los ntawm Knyazeva E. N. Synergetics. Encyclopedia ntawm Epistemology thiab Philosophy ntawm Science. M. 2009 tag nrho cov lus qhia no thiab siv rau txhua lub tshuab: lom neeg, ecological, kev lag luam, kev sib raug zoo, kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab lwm yam.

Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, nws tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog theem niaj hnub hauv kev txhim kho cybernetics thiab kev tsom xam cov tshuab thiab tau pom tias yog hom kev xav thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb. Ntawd yog, nrog nws txoj kev pab, lawv sim piav qhia tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb txij li pib mus txog rau cov neeg zoo li ib txoj kev ua tiav.

Cov neeg ua raws li kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib koom ua ke xav tias nws muaj peev xwm los tawm ib qho kev sib koom ua ke raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm Gubin VB Ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm pseudoscience. M. 2004 kev tsim kho tshiab: los ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev paub lus, los ntawm Big Bang mus rau kev hloov pauv nyiaj txiag. Nws tuaj yeem piav qhia raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm theem ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, thaum muaj kev xaiv Porus V. N. Synergetic epistemology. Encyclopedia ntawm Epistemology thiab Philosophy ntawm Science. M. 2009 los ntawm ntau txoj kev xaiv, thiab tsis yog kev hloov pauv tsis kawg ntawm xeev.

Txoj hauv kev no tau pib los ntawm Fuller B. R., Applewhite E. J. Synergetics. V. 1-2. Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. 1975, 1979 American sau thiab theorist Buckminster Fuller, thiab nws siv lo lus "synergetics" ua ntej Hermann Haken. Fuller tau lees paub nws cov tswv yim hauv geometric, lej, lub cev, lom neeg, thiab kev sib raug zoo. Nws tau hu rau kev kawm txog kev sib koom ua ke, vim nws suav tias yog txoj kev xav uas tuaj yeem piav qhia txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb thiab cawm lub ntiaj teb los ntawm kev puas tsuaj.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub ntsiab popularizer ntawm cov tswv yim yog tus lej Sergei Kurdyumov, tus sau ntawm lub sij hawm "tib neeg-dimensional systems".

Txawm li cas los xij, txoj hauv kev no raug thuam rau kev hloov cov cai lij choj thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib koom ua ke rau qhov tshwm sim txawv txawv rau nws, piv txwv li, tib neeg lub siab xav, haiv neeg lossis kev vam meej. Qhov kev xav thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm thaj tsam ntawm kev qhuab qhia, nyob rau hauv kev xav ntawm cov neeg thuam, yog unscientific, vim hais tias txoj kev xav yog loosely kho rau qhov tseeb.

Qhov kev ntshaw no los tsim ib txoj kev xav thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke yog piv rau qhov ua tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo li qub yav dhau los ua rau muaj kev xav los xam thiab kwv yees txhua yam thiab txhua tus (kev txiav txim siab). Qhov no twb tau tshwm sim nrog cov tswv yim ntawm Darwin, thiab nrog rau txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo, thiab nrog quantum mechanics thiab cybernetics.

Cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm kev siv dav dav ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntseeg tias nws tuaj yeem piav qhia tsuas yog qee qhov kev siv lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg, astronomical thiab biological txheej txheem. Cov neeg thuam kuj yws yws tias kev sib koom ua ke thiab nws cov lus siv feem ntau yog siv VB Gubin Ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm pseudoscience. M. 2004 muab qhov hnyav rau kev tshawb fawb pseudoscientific. Piv txwv li, "kev tshawb fawb" txog bioenergy lossis lwm yam "lub zog hloov maj mam".

Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tham txog qhov tshwm sim thiab nrov ntawm pseudo-synergetics. Nws tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog ib qho kev xav pseudoscientific kev taw qhia uas juggles cov ntsiab lus thiab nthuav tawm cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg txog "kev txhim kho tus kheej." Pseudosynergetics nyiam thov qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qee qhov "kev paub tshiab", tab sis qhov tseeb tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li no tom qab lawv cov lus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xyaum tsis muaj leej twg thuam lawv, vim lawv tsis nkag siab VB Gubin Txog cov txheej txheem ntawm pseudoscience. M. 2004 tiag synergetics.

Yuav ua li cas paub qhov txawv ntawm synergetics thiab pseudo-synergetics

Nov yog qee cov txheej txheem los pab koj ua qhov no.

Kev ncaj ncees ntawm txoj kev ntawm "universal evolution" nrog kev pab ntawm synergetics

Feem ntau hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm pseudo-synergetic ib qho tuaj yeem pom cov kab lus xws li: "synergetics yog txoj kev xav ntawm tus kheej lub koom haum thiab evolution ntawm complex systems" los yog "synergetics substantiates lwm txoj kev ntawm evolution".

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb, qhov kev tshawb fawb no kawm ntau yam "yooj yim" txheej txheem, xws li combustion, thermal conduction thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj, uas haum zoo heev rau hauv daim duab scientific uas twb muaj lawm hauv ntiaj teb no. Nws haum ntau dua los yog tsawg dua rau hauv "universal evolution" tshwj tsis yog tej zaum qhov piv txwv nrog kev tsim cov muaju, thiab tom qab ntawd tsuas yog nrog kev xav zoo.

Nws yuav tsum to taub tias kev sib koom ua ke (xws li kev tshawb fawb) tsis tuaj yeem siv los ua ib txoj kev xav ntawm kev hloov pauv. Qhov kev qhuab qhia no tsuas yog piav qhia txog nws tus kheej cov txheej txheem.

"Synergetic mus kom ze" thiab tsis yog analogies

Lwm qhov cim tseem ceeb ntawm pseudo-synergetics yog cov kab lus xws li: "los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke raws li … ", "raws li kev sib koom ua ke …", "raws li txoj cai ntawm synergetics …". Tab sis lawv tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev tshawb fawb, txawm tias qhov zoo sib xws, piv txwv li, nrog cov kev hloov pauv xws li "raws li txoj cai thib ob ntawm thermodynamics …" lossis "raws li Maxwell qhov sib npaug …".

Feem ntau, koj yuav pom cov kab lus zoo sib xws hauv kev xav thiab kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm uas siv cov kev sib piv los ntawm kev sib piv - xws li ib hom "kev dhia dhia". Lawv tuaj yeem pom cov txheej txheem kev lag luam "los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev sib koom ua ke". Los yog sib piv qhov zaus ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntiaj chaw nrog lub suab paj nruag, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog lub ntiaj teb kev ntseeg thiab xim, piv txwv li ntsuab.

Thaum kawg, Hermann Haken, nws tus tsim, kuj tuaj yeem pom zoo sib xws. Hauv phau ntawv Haken G. Secrets of nature. Synergetics: kev kawm ntawm kev sib tham. M. - Izhevsk. 2003 “Secrets of Nature. Synergetics: Txoj Kev Kawm Ntawm Kev Sib Tham”nws tham, piv txwv li, seb kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb thiab seb qhov kev hloov pauv puas tuaj yeem kwv yees.

Hauv kev tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb, cov txheej txheem sib koom ua ke yuav raug piav qhia los ntawm qhov sib npaug uas tuaj yeem lees paub lossis tsis lees paub qhov kev sim. Rau evolution, tsis muaj leej twg, ntawm chav kawm, yuav ua xws li ib tug sib npaug (vim qhov no yog tsis yooj yim sua). Needless hais, cov qauv piav qhia txog lub cev thiab cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg tsis tuaj yeem hloov mus rau cov txheej txheem lom neeg lossis kev sib raug zoo.

Ntawm chav kawm, ob qho tib si txheej nyias ntawm cov kua rhuab los ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam burner thiab kev lag luam kev lag luam muaj ob peb txoj kev txhim kho. Tab sis kev txheeb lawv rau ib leeg, tsawg kawg, yog qhov tsis raug.

Yog li ntawd, qhov kev thov mus rau "synergetic mus kom ze" nyob rau hauv lub social sciences thiab humanities yog unsubstantiated thiab unscientific, vim hais tias nws yog formal, superficial thiab raws li tsis muaj kev nkag siab ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm synergetics. Hauv particular, thermodynamics, linear thiab adaptive qauv.

Esotericism, ib tug abundance ntawm incomprehensible lus thiab ib tug dawb cwj pwm rau scientific methodology

Nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm synergetics nyob rau hauv "scientific" phau ntawv journal tuaj yeem Gubin VB Ntawm txoj kev ntawm pseudoscience. M. 2004 tau luam tawm cov lus esoteric kiag li. Piv txwv li, hais txog "soliton-background excitations ntawm fractal txheej ntawm ib tug siv lead ua ntawm thawj qhov teeb meem, hu ua lub cev nqus tsev vacuum", deforming thiab resonating nrog nyob hlwb. Los yog hais txog "ψ- teb ntawm qib ntawm tus kheej". Qee lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv xws li tej hauj lwm, thiab txawm nrog ib tug loj mine, lawv tham txog cosmic-esoteric lub tswv yim, raws li nyob rau hauv ib qho piv txwv los ntawm astrology txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntiaj chaw nrog suab paj nruas intervals.

Lawm, synergetics yog xav tau ntawm no rau kev sib koom tes thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm unproven theories thiab nqe lus. Xws li "cov kws tshawb fawb" zais qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lawv cov kev xav hauv qab ntawm cov lus tsis meej thiab tsis meej, uas thaum kawg tsuas yog lees paub qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm pseudo-synergetics. Tom qab tag nrho, raws li koj paub, tus kws tshawb fawb tiag tiag yuav tsum tau piav qhia nws cov kev tshawb fawb hauv cov lus yooj yim.

New paradigms

Pseudo-synergetics kuj tseem siv tau los qhia qhov pib ntawm "tig tshiab" hauv kev tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm kev hais txog "post-non-classical" xwm ntawm synergetics. Nyob rau hauv xws li "kev tshawb fawb" nws liam hais tias lub teeb pom kev ntawm cov kev txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem qub.

Txawm li cas los xij, raws li kev soj ntsuam ze, cov lus thov no poob mus rau qhov. Piv txwv li, kev sib koom ua ke ua ke ntawm ntau yam tau muab coj los rau hauv tus account hauv geology thiab tshuaj ntev ua ntej synergetics. Lub linearity ntawm cov txheej txheem kuj tau ntev tau nug los ntawm historians thiab economists.

Synergetics tau dhau los ua ib lo lus zoo nkauj. Nws yog siv los ntawm cov neeg uas xav kom paub tias yog ib tug neeg vam meej. Tab sis qhov tseeb, qhov no yog ib qho kev qhuab qhia nqaim thiab nyuaj uas yog siv me ntsis hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Yog li ntawd, nws tsim nyog xav ua tib zoo ua ntej tham txog "kev sib koom ua ke" lossis siv lwm yam kev tsim kho zoo sib xws.