Yuav ua li cas pov tseg thaum nws xaus rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Hais txog lub neej voj voog ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg thiab yuav ua li cas txawm tias cov khib nyiab zoo ib yam ua rau muaj kuab lom.

Tsis deb ntawm koj lub tsev - tej zaum ob peb kaum kilometers, thiab tej zaum yuav ze dua - muaj ib tug loj-scale tshuaj reactor, qhov twg txhua txhua hnub tshiab feem ntawm cov khoom xyaw yog loaded, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm uas tsis muaj leej twg paub tseeb, thiab cov qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub reactor nws tus kheej yog tsis heev kwv yees. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob no hu ua qhov chaw pov tseg, lossis txhais ua lus bureaucratic, qhov chaw pov tseg rau cov khoom pov tseg hauv tsev. Txhua yam uas tau muab pov tseg los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog yuav xaus ntawm no. N + 1 thiab Lifehacker txiav txim siab nrhiav seb yuav ua li cas rau cov khib nyiab thaum nws xaus rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg.

Nyob rau hauv 2015 nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li lub analytical lub tuam txhab Frost & Sullivan, 57 lab tons ntawm cov khoom pov tseg hauv nroog tau tsim, uas tsuas yog me ntsis tsawg dua qhov ntim ntawm steel ntau lawm (71 lab tons). Cov khoom pov tseg hauv tsev hauv Moscow thiab cheeb tsam yog dab tsi pov tseg? (kwv yees li 11 lab tons hauv ib xyoos) feem ntau yog cov khoom pov tseg (22%), ntawv thiab cardboard (17 feem pua), iav (16 feem pua) thiab yas (13%), ntaub, hlau thiab ntoo txhua tus account rau 3 feem pua. lwm 20 feem pua rau txhua yam.

Hauv tebchaws Russia, qhov chaw pov tseg tau txais txog li 94 feem pua ntawm cov khib nyiab, tsuas yog 4 feem pua yog rov siv dua, 2 feem pua yog incinerated.

Rau kev sib piv: hauv EU, 45 feem pua ntawm cov pov tseg yog rov ua dua tshiab, 28 feem pua ntawm cov chaw pov tseg, thiab 27 feem pua yog incinerated.

Lavxias teb sab landfills txhua xyoo tso tawm 1.5 lab tons ntawm methane thiab 21.5 lab tons ntawm CO rau hauv cov huab cua₂… Nyob rau hauv tag nrho nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv 2015 muaj 13,9 txhiab kev khiav hauj lwm landfills, ntawm uas nyob rau hauv lub Moscow cheeb tsam - 14. Tsuas yog ib tug Moscow landfill nyob rau hauv Chekhovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv (lub Kulakovo landfill) ib xyoos twg muab MSW NTAWM MOSCOW REGION: tam sim no Environmental SIJHAWM.

THIAB TSEEM CEEB RAU RECLATING 2.4 txhiab tons ntawm methane, 39.4 tons ntawm carbon dioxide, 1.8 tons ntawm ammonia thiab 0,028 tons ntawm hydrogen sulfide rau hauv cov huab cua.

Ib qho chaw pov tseg kom zoo yog ib qho kev tsim kho high-tech. Ua ntej nws yuav npaj tau cov khib nyiab, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los npaj cov hauv qab: nteg tawm nrog ib txheej ntawm av nplaum txog ib 'meter' tuab, nteg on to top ib waterproof geomembrane, ib txheej ntawm geotextile, ib tug txheej ntawm 30-centimeter ntawm rubble. uas koj yuav tsum tau nteg ib tug yeeb nkab system mus sau cov filtrate - cov kua uas yuav tau sau los ntawm cov khib nyiab, thiab nyob rau sab saum toj kuj yuav muaj ib tug tiv thaiv permeable membrane. Hauv qab ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg ib nrab ib 'meter' saum av hauv av.

Tom ntej no mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg, lub twj tso kua mis thiab cov chaw kho mob yuav tsum tau tso tawm thiab nruab nrab cov lim dej, uas yog saturated nrog organic acids thiab lwm yam organic teeb meem, hnyav hlau tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub txheej ntawm cov khib nyiab, thaum nws pib mus sau, nws yuav tsum tau rau nruab ib lub kaw lus ntawm cov kav dej rau sau thiab siv cov av pov tseg gas, chaw nres tsheb rau nws purification thiab incineration.

Thaum qhov chaw pov tseg tag nrho (feem ntau qhov chaw pov tseg yuav siv sij hawm 20-30 xyoo ntawm cov khib nyiab), koj yuav tsum tau kaw qhov chaw pov tseg los ntawm sab saum toj nrog lwm txheej tiv thaiv, khaws cia cov khib nyiab pov tseg - nws yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm rau lwm xyoo lawm.

Lub neej hauv av

Lub neej tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv qhov chaw pov tseg tuaj yeem faib ua plaub theem tseem ceeb los ntawm Landfill Gas Basics. Thaum thawj theem Cov kab mob aerobic - cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem nyob thiab loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen - rhuav tshem tag nrho cov kab mob ntev molecular ntawm carbohydrates, proteins, lipids uas ua rau cov organic pov tseg, uas yog, feem ntau yog cov khoom pov tseg.

Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog carbon dioxide, nrog rau nitrogen (cov nyiaj uas maj mam txo qis dua lub neej ntawm kev pov tseg). Thawj theem txuas ntxiv mus ntev li ntev tau yog tias muaj cov pa oxygen txaus hauv cov khib nyiab, thiab nws tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntau lub hlis lossis ib hnub rau cov khib nyiab kom tshiab. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa oxygen txawv heev nyob ntawm seb qhov kev sib txuam ntawm cov khib nyiab thiab qhov tob npaum li cas nws faus.

Qhov thib ob theem pib thaum tag nrho cov pa oxygen hauv cov khib nyiab twb tau siv lawm. Tam sim no lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua los ntawm cov kab mob anaerobic, uas hloov cov tshuaj tsim los ntawm lawv cov khoom siv aerobic rau hauv acetic, formic thiab lactic acid, nrog rau cov cawv - ethyl thiab methyl.

Qhov chaw pov tseg ua rau acidic heev. Raws li cov kua qaub sib xyaw nrog cov dej noo, nws tso tawm cov as-ham, ua rau nitrogen thiab phosphorus muaj nyob rau ntau lub zej zog ntawm cov kab mob, uas ua rau tsim cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab hydrogen. Yog tias qhov chaw pov tseg raug cuam tshuam los yog cov pa oxygen nkag mus rau hauv lub thickness ntawm cov khib nyiab, txhua yam rov qab mus rau thawj theem.

Peb theem Hauv kev pov tseg lub neej pib nrog qhov tseeb tias qee hom kab mob anaerobic pib ua cov organic acids thiab tsim acetates. Cov txheej txheem no ua rau ib puag ncig nruab nrab, uas tsim cov kab mob rau cov kab mob uas tsim cov methane. Cov kab mob methanogens thiab cov kab mob uas tsim cov kua qaub tsim muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo: cov kab mob "acid" tsim cov khoom uas siv cov tshuaj methanogens - carbon dioxide thiab acetates, uas nyob rau hauv ntau qhov teeb meem rau cov kab mob acid tsim lawv tus kheej.

Plaub theem - qhov ntev tshaj plaws - pib thaum muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qib ntawm cov roj ntau lawm ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg yuav ruaj khov. Nyob rau theem no, cov roj av pov tseg muaj 45 mus rau 60 feem pua methane (los ntawm ntim), 40 mus rau 60 feem pua carbon dioxide, thiab 2 mus rau 9 feem pua ntawm lwm cov pa roj, tshwj xeeb yog sulfur compounds. Cov theem no tuaj yeem kav ntev txog 20 xyoo, tab sis txawm tias 50 xyoo tom qab cov khib nyiab tau tso tseg tsis raug coj mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg, nws tseem tso pa tawm.

methane thiab carbon dioxide yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khib nyiab decomposition, tab sis nyob deb ntawm cov xwb. Lub repertoire ntawm landfills suav nrog ntau pua qhov sib txawv volatile organic tebchaw. Cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau tshawb xyuas xya qhov chaw pov tseg hauv tebchaws Askiv pom Trace Organic Compounds hauv Landfill Gas ntawm Xya UK. Cov chaw pov tseg pov tseg muaj txog 140 yam khoom sib txawv hauv cov roj av pov tseg, suav nrog alkanes, muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons, cycloalkanes, terpenes, cawv thiab ketones, chlorine compounds, suav nrog organochlorines xws li chloroethylene.

Yuav ua li cas mus tsis ncaj ncees lawm

Marianna Kharlamova, tus thawj coj ntawm RUDN University Environmental Monitoring thiab Forecasting Department, piav qhia tias qhov tseeb ntawm cov av pov tseg yog nyob ntawm ntau yam: nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm lub xyoo, ntawm kev ua raws li cov thev naus laus zis thaum lub sijhawm tsim kho thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg, ntawm lub sijhawm xyoo. Lub hnub nyoog ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg, ntawm cov khoom pov tseg, ntawm thaj chaw huab cua, ntawm huab cua kub thiab av noo….

"Yog tias qhov no yog qhov chaw ua haujlwm pov tseg, yog tias cov khoom lag luam organic txuas ntxiv, tom qab ntawd qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov roj tuaj yeem sib txawv heev. Piv txwv li, muaj peev xwm muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm methane digestion, uas yog, feem ntau methane nkag mus rau hauv cov huab cua, ces carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, yuav muaj mercaptans, sulfur-muaj cov organic tebchaw, "hais Kharlamova.

Cov tshuaj lom tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm emissions yog hydrogen sulphide thiab methane - lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv siab concentration.

Txawm li cas los xij, Kharlamova sau tseg, ib tus neeg muaj peev xwm hnov dej hydrogen sulfide hauv qhov me me, uas tseem nyob deb heev ntawm kev txaus ntshai, yog li ntawd, yog tias ib tug neeg hnov tsw hydrogen sulfide, qhov no tsis txhais hais tias nws raug hem nrog tshuaj lom tam sim. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum cov khib nyiab raug hlawv, dioxins tuaj yeem raug tso tawm - ntau ntau cov tshuaj lom, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tam sim ntawd.

Kev siv tshuab pov tseg pov tseg xav tias cov roj av pov tseg tau sau los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab degassing, tom qab ntawd nws raug ntxuav ntawm impurities thiab hlawv hauv cov nplaim taws lossis siv roj. Kharlamova sau tseg tias qhov hluav taws kub tsis kho cov pa roj av, raws li tau ua tiav Degassing hauv "Kuchino". Yuav ua li cas cov pa roj av tshem tawm ntawm Balashikha qhov chaw pov tseg, piv txwv li, ntawm Kuchino qhov chaw pov tseg, tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam teeb meem tshiab nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, piv txwv li, sulfur dioxide (thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm hydrogen sulfide) thiab lwm yam tshuaj lom sulfur compounds yog tsim. Hauv kev siv roj ib txwm, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntej ntxuav nws los ntawm cov tshuaj sulfur.

Mariana Kharlamova

Lwm qhov kev hem thawj tshwm sim thaum cov cua kub muaj zog pib hauv qhov loj ntawm cov khib nyiab, hluav taws tsis muaj cua nkag, zoo ib yam li peat. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov pov tseg tau hloov pauv nws cov repertoire, aldehydes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated polyaromatics tshwm sim nyob rau hauv emissions loj. “Qhov no tsim kom muaj tus cwj pwm tsw. Ib qho kev tsis hnov tsw ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg yog putrefaction los ntawm hydrogen sulfide thiab mercaptans. Thaum muaj hluav taws kub, nws pib hnov zoo li qos yaj ywm kib - qhov no yog qhov tsis hnov tsw ntawm hydrogen fluoride, uas yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm combustion, hais Kharlamova.

Raws li nws, qee zaum lawv sim txwv tsis pub tso cov roj av pov tseg rau hauv cov huab cua los ntawm kev npog qhov chaw pov tseg rau saum nrog zaj duab xis, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog txheej txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tab sis qhov no tsim teeb meem ntxiv: "Thaum kev lwj, cov voids tau tsim thiab cov av dips tshwm sim, ntxiv rau, cov yeeb yaj kiab tsis tso dej dhau los, uas txhais tau hais tias swamps yuav tshwm sim los ntawm saum toj," nws hais.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov teeb meem nrog kev pov tseg, Kharlamova sau ntawv, yog cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom pov tseg. Nws yog lawv uas pib tsim cov xwm txheej rau "tsim" ntawm methane thiab hydrogen sulfide. Cov khib nyiab tuaj yeem txheeb thiab rov ua dua zoo dua yam tsis muaj zaub mov pov tseg. "Yog tias peb tau tswj hwm los txhim kho cov txheej txheem khaws cov khoom pov tseg kom cov organic tsis nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg ntawm cov khib nyiab, qhov no yuav daws tau cov teeb meem feem ntau nrog cov khib nyiab uas tshwm sim niaj hnub no," tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg.