5 qhov tsis txaus ntseeg pseudo-keeb kwm kev xav uas tseem muaj cov neeg txhawb nqa

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Txaus siab rau cov kiv cua ntawm "Cov kws tshawb fawb tau nkaum!" peb pom zoo kom hla dhau.

Kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm tiag tiag yog ua raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb. Cov kws tshawb fawb siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb (kev tshuaj xyuas, kev sib txuas, induction), muab cov kev xav uas tuaj yeem thim rov qab - thiab qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov cwj pwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, muab tso rau los ntawm KR Popper. Lub logic ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb. M. 2005 los ntawm Karl Popper.

Txawm li cas los xij, keeb kwm hypothesis tsis tuaj yeem lees paub qhov tseeb, xws li, piv txwv li, hauv physics, chemistry, lossis txawm tias hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws. Yog li ntawd, kev saib yav dhau los tuaj yeem muaj ntau qhov kev txhais, uas ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab qee zaum cov kev xav tsis tseeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txaus siab rau cov xwm txheej yav dhau los ua rau muaj qhov tseeb tias kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm feem ntau sim los ntawm cov neeg uas tsis to taub yuav ua li cas.

Yog li ntawd, ib tug xov tooj ntawm pseudo-keeb kwm lub ntsiab lus tau txais kev muaj koob meej, dav dav Volodikhin D., Eliseeva O., Oleinikov D. Keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv me me peas. M. 1998 tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR. Lawv feem ntau koom ua ke nyob rau hauv lub npe dav dav "neeg keeb kwm" (nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias nyob rau hauv sab hnub poob, nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog xws li theories, lub tswv yim ntawm pseudohistory - "pseudohistory" yog ntau dua, thiab pej xeem keeb kwm yog hais txog pej xeem tales, myths xwb. thiab legends). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tej hauj lwm ntawm xws li "keeb kwm" muag zoo, lawv feem ntau tham txog nyob rau hauv xov xwm.

Nws yog qee zaum tsis yooj yim sua kom nkag siab txog kev tsim ntawm pej xeem keeb kwm yam tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxaws: kev xav cuam tshuam, ntxiv thiab sib cais sib cais. Tus nyeem ntawv raug foob nrog ntau ntawm "kev tshwm sim" thiab "kev paub zais cia" uas cov keeb kwm keeb kwm xav tias zais.

Lifehacker txiav txim siab poob rau hauv dej hiav txwv ntawm pseudoscience thiab xaiv tsib qhov kev xav tsis zoo tshaj plaws pseudo-keeb kwm theories thiab cov ntsiab lus.

1. Kev vam meej ntawm Antiquity thiab lub xeev ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov tsis muaj nyob

Koj xav li cas tias keeb kwm tiag tiag ntawm noob neej tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ob txhiab xyoo, thiab ntau haiv neeg ntawm Antiquity, Middle Ages thiab Renaissance tsis muaj nyob?

Lub "tshiab chronology" sau los ntawm Anatoly Fomenko tau mob siab rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus no.

Chronology yog keeb kwm kev qhuab qhia Shorin P. A., Kobrin V. B., Leontyeva G. A. Kev pab cuam keeb kwm kev qhuab qhia. Phau ntawv rau universities. M. 2015, hais txog kev tsim cov hnub ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los. Raws li Fomenko, qhov tsim keeb kwm chronology yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm.

Lub hauv paus rau qhov tshiab chronology yog A. Kh. Gorfunkel, ntawm kev sim kaw keeb kwm. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm M. M. Postnikov "Introduction to the criticism of ancient chronology." Teeb meem ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb. Sau cov ntawv hauv kev hwm ntawm A. A. Fursenko. SPb. 2000 lub tswv yim ntawm lub kiv puag ncig-Narodnaya Volya tus tswv cuab ntawm lub xyoo pua XX Nikolai Morozov. Nws ntseeg tias Txoj Moo Zoo tau sau ua ntej tshaj qhov xav tau, yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm noob neej yuav raug kho dua tshiab. Yog li, raws li Morozov, Mediterranean kev vam meej tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 3 AD. e., thiab tag nrho cov monuments ntawm ancient cov ntaub ntawv - ib tug fake ntawm lub Renaissance. Nws kuj tau hloov kho keeb kwm ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm haiv neeg: piv txwv li, nws ntseeg tias cov neeg Yudais tuaj ntawm Iberian Peninsula.

Txawm li ntawd los, cov kws tshawb fawb loj tau tsa N. M. Nikolsky. Astronomical kiv puag ncig hauv keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. Lub ntiaj teb tshiab luag ntawm lub tswv yim no. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo 1970, Mikhail Postnikov, tus xibfwb ntawm Mechanics thiab Lej ntawm Moscow State University, tau rov kho nws dua tom qab yuav luag ib puas xyoo ntawm oblivion. Nyob rau xyoo 1980, lwm tus lej lej Anatoly Fomenko thiab nws cov koom tes thaum kawg tau tsim cov tswv yim no rau hauv txoj kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab.

Tsis zoo li Morozov, Fomenko thiab nws cov thwjtim tau siv txoj kev tshawb fawb zoo: kev sib txheeb ntawm cov ntawv qub thiab sib tham raws li kev soj ntsuam astronomical. Tab sis qhov tshiab chronology tsis tau dhau los ua kev tshawb fawb los ntawm qhov no.

Yog li, Fomenko tuaj rau qhov xaus tias tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm noob neej kav tsis ntev tshaj Fomenko AT. Cov naj npawb tawm tsam cov lus dag rau ob txhiab xyoo, thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm Antiquity, Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab Renaissance yog tib lub sijhawm, erroneously nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm sib txawv.

Piv txwv li, ancient Greek colonization - qhov no yog Fomenko AT Hloov cov hnub - txhua yam yog hloov lub Crusades, Trojan War tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub XIII xyoo pua, thiab Fabkis huab tais Charles ntawm Anjou thiab lub ancient Persian huab tais Cyrus yog ib tug thiab tib neeg.. Lub tebchaws Ottoman ntawm xyoo pua 15th, raws li Fomenko, yog Macedonia thaum lub sijhawm Tsars Philip II thiab Alexander lub Great. Cov phau ntawv tshiab chronologists yog tag nrho ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo.

Cov xwm txheej uas ntau dua lossis tsawg dua rau lub hom phiaj kev sib tham, raws li Fomenko, pib nrog GV Nosovsky, AT Fomenko. Cov lus dab neeg sab hnub poob tsuas yog los ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thaum nws raug liam tias tsis tuaj yeem taug qab cov ntaub ntawv mus rau lub xyoo pua 9th. Tshiab chronologists hu archaeological cov ntaub ntawv muaj teeb meem. Piv txwv li, Fomenko tsa kev tsis ntseeg txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsom xam radiocarbon thiab dendrochronology siv rau niaj hnub pom thaum ub.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tshiab paub tseeb tias tsis muaj Tatar-Mongol quab yuam. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, muaj liam tias muaj ib tug tej yam ntiaj teb no teb chaws Ottoman Nosovsky GV, Fomenko AT Empire, ib feem ntawm uas yog lub Horde-Russia, uas subjugated yuav luag tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no - nrog rau cov teb chaws Europe, mired nyob rau hauv vices. Thawj qhov kev ntseeg, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tshiab, yog cov ntseeg Vajtswv, thiab tag nrho cov seem tau tshwm sim los ntawm nws.

Fomenko thiab nws cov thwjtim sib cav hais tias A. Kh. Gorfunkel yeej tsis muaj nyob. Hais txog kev sim kaw keeb kwm. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm M. M. Postnikov "Introduction to the criticism of ancient chronology." Teeb meem ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb. Sau cov ntawv hauv kev hwm ntawm A. A. Fursenko. SPb. 2000 Homer, Herodotus, Cicero, Tacitus, Titus Livy, cov txiv ntawm lub Koom Txoos Christian Ambrose thiab Augustine, cov Arab thiab ancient Suav kab lis kev cai, nrog rau cov kab lis kev cai ntawm pre-Columbian America Nosovsky GV, Fomenko AT Kev loj hlob ntawm America los ntawm Russia-Horde.

Cov neeg ua raws ntawm cov xwm txheej tshiab qhia txog qhov tseeb uas poob tawm ntawm lub tswv yim no mus rau qhov kev dag loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm: keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm, cov khoom hauv tsev, tib neeg seem thiab vaj tse.

Fomenko txoj cai raws li tus lej loj - tus xibfwb thiab tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb txij li xyoo 1994 - tsis tau cawm nws txoj kev xav ntawm kev thuam los ntawm kev thuam. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog los ntawm Myths ntawm "tshiab chronology". Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv Keeb Kwm ntawm Lomonosov Moscow State University thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 21, 1999. M. 2001 historians thiab archaeologists, tab sis kuj linguists, mathematicians, physicists, astronomers thiab chemists. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 2000s thaum ntxov, cov zej zog tshawb fawb tau lees paub lub tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab uas tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav.

Feem ntau, cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab tsuas yog tsis quav ntsej cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xwm txheej tau hais hauv ntau qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, xav txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo nyob rau hauv 1380 raws li ib tug fake, lawv tsuas yog coj los ntawm zaj dab neeg "Zadonshchina", tsis hais txog "Hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Don," lub Simeon thiab Trinity Chronicle, thiab "Rogozhsky Chronicler". Tsis tas li ntawd, Fomenko cov thwjtim tsis xav txog German keeb kwm, nkag hauv phau ntawv Uspensky synoid, cov ntawv ntawm Moscow-Ryazan treaties. Ntawd yog, txawm tias keeb kwm Lavxias teb sab, qhov ntsuas ntawm kev dag yuav tsum yog qhov dav heev, tab sis cov kab ke tshiab mus ntxiv, tshaj tawm tsawg kawg yog keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe tsis tseeb. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias ib qhov chaw archaeological tsim nyog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau forged.

2. "Veles Phau Ntawv" - cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Russia

Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog nyob los ntawm pseudo-keeb kwm lub tswv yim ntawm Lavxias teb sab nationalists. Tshwj xeeb, neo-pagans uas tab tom sim txhua txoj hauv kev kom "ntev" keeb kwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws ntawm kev siv nyiaj "kev paub" txog lub sijhawm ua ntej Christian, supposedly zais los ntawm pej xeem. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, xws li dag li "Veles Phau Ntawv", nws tseem hu ua "Isenbek's Planks", yog siv.

"Veles phau ntawv" muaj mythical legends thiab tej lus thov sau nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv runic, uas yog ntaus nqi rau cov ancient Slavs. Qhov no monument ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv yog suav hais tias los ntawm cov neeg qhuas ntawm "Veles Phau Ntawv" los ua pov thawj ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm "glorious thiab ancient pre-Cyrillic lub sij hawm" ntawm lub Eastern Slavs, uas, los ntawm lawv qhov kev xav, kav ntev npaum li cas. 1,800 xyoo - los ntawm lub xyoo pua 9 BC. NS. mus rau lub xyoo pua 9th A. D. NS.

Lub ntsiab nrov ntawm qhov cuav no yog tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias thiab tus neeg sau xov xwm Alexander Asov. Nws rov luam tawm "Veles phau ntawv" ntau dua 10 zaug, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg tau pom "thaum ub qub".

Yuri Mirolyubov, tus kws sau ntawv tuaj txawv teb chaws, yog thawj zaug luam tawm "Veles Phau Ntawv" hauv xyoo 1950. Nws sib cav tias cov ntsiav tshuaj, liam tias yos rov qab mus rau V-VIII centuries AD. e., tau tshawb pom los ntawm tus tub ceev xwm ntawm White Guard Volunteer Army F. A. Isenbek, uas tau qhia lawv rau Mirolyubov. Mirolyubov yees duab ib co ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj, thiab ces deciphered lawv. Raws li nws, txij li xyoo 1941, thaum Isenbek tuag, phau ntawv tau ploj lawm.

Feem ntau yuav, Mirolyubov nws tus kheej yog tus sau ntawm "Doshechek".

"Veles's phau ntawv" tsis sawv los sib piv nrog cov ntawv Slavic thaum ub los yog nrog cov hauj lwm mythical ntawm lwm haiv neeg. Nws muaj cov lus kawg uas tsis raug rau cov lus qub Lavxias, nrog rau ntau tus lej xov tooj thiab cov lej yuam kev. Lub "phau ntawv" zoo li ib qho kev sau ntawv los ntawm ib tug neeg niaj hnub, sau ua lus dag, muaj cov seem ntawm Slavic dialects. Ntawm lwm yam, cov ntsiav tshuaj qhia qhov kev nkag siab ntawm lub sijhawm, thaum cov kab lis kev cai pagan yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm keeb kwm.

daring txog peb lub teb chaws thiab txog peb wende, zoo li yog hais tias peb txawv ntawm peb lub neej thiab yog vim li cas

tako grytze txawm koj qhia peb txog horsun thiab spinning zuru ntawm kev sib ntaus tawm tsam peb bia bia bia ib txoj kab ncaj nraim

“Thiab cov neeg Loos paub tias peb saib peb lub neej li cas, thiab lawv tau ncaim peb mus. Thiab tom qab ntawd cov Greeks xav coj Khorsun deb ntawm peb, thiab peb tau tawm tsam kom tsis txhob poob rau hauv kev ua cev qhev. Thiab qhov kev tawm tsam no thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tau kav peb caug xyoo …"

Ib qho excerpt ntawm cov ntawv los ntawm ntsiav tshuaj 7b thiab nws txhais los ntawm B. Rebinder. Cited los ntawm "Kev sim "Txhim Kho" yav dhau los: "Vlesova Phau Ntawv" thiab Pseudohistories. Ancient Russia los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm contemporaries thiab cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv (IX-XII centuries) "IN Danilevsky

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog tsuas yog kev tshawb fawb lus ua rau tsis ntseeg txog qhov tseeb ntawm "Veles phau ntawv". Yog li, kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov duab ntawm "cov ntsiav tshuaj" tau tsim tias cov no tsis yog ntsiav tshuaj, tab sis cov duab kos rau lawv. Tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab historian Igor Danilevsky, nyob rau hauv lem, nrhiav tau I. N. Danilevsky, sim "txhim kho" yav dhau los: "Vles phau ntawv" thiab pseudo-keeb kwm. Ancient Russia los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm contemporaries thiab cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv (IX-XII centuries) M. 1998 muaj ntau coincidences ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm nrhiav tau Veles phau ntawv los ntawm Mirolyubov thiab Jack London zaj dab neeg "Peb Lub Siab". Cov hauj lwm no qhia txog qhov nrhiav pom ntawm nodular Maya sau.

Mob siab rau cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm Velesova Kniga tso tseg txhua qhov kev thuam uas tsis yog kev tshawb fawb thiab liam cov kws tshawb fawb, suav nrog Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, tau txais nyiaj los ntawm lub xeev. Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences, nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, tab tom sim nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev mus nkaum qhov "qhov tseeb."

Rau qee qhov laj thawj, Velesovites tsis txaus siab rau keeb kwm tiag tiag ntawm lawv lub tebchaws, yog li lawv zoo siab khaws cov cuav. Muaj peev xwm tsis lees paub qhov tseeb tsis sib xws thiab txhais tib yam "Velesov phau ntawv" nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev tso cai rau lawv tsim cov lus dab neeg vwm tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li, cov Slavs yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm txhua haiv neeg.

3. Peter kuv raug hloov thaum lub sij hawm lub Great Embassy

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm pseudo-keeb kwm theories tsis yog ib txwm cuam tshuam nrog kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm tsis raug lossis cuav "nrhiav." Qee lub sij hawm cov lus xaiv thiab kev xav tsis meej yog txaus.

Qhov no yog li cas txoj kev xav tau tshwm sim hais tias Lavxias teb sab hloov kho tsar thiab thawj tus huab tais ntawm Russia, Peter I, tau raug hloov thaum mus txawv tebchaws. Allegedly, tsuas yog tom qab qhov no puas tau Russia mus raws li pernicious thiab unsuitable Western txoj kev.

Ib tug ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm lub tswv yim no yog pej xeem keeb kwm Nikolai Levashov, uas tau hu nws tus kheej "kho" thiab tau thov nws tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, sectarian thiab sau ntawm extremist A. Lub tsev hais plaub Omsk lees paub Levashov phau ntawv ua cov phau ntawv extremist.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau "Traces of a great Empire" nws sau N. Levashov. M. 2008, hais tias ib tug txiv neej noj qab nyob zoo ntawm nruab nrab qhov siab thiab muaj zog txoj cai, nrog ib tug mole ntawm nws sab laug sab plhu, yog devout thiab hlub txhua yam Lavxias teb sab, tau tawm mus rau Tebchaws Europe. Ob xyoos tom qab ntawd, Russophobe uas muaj hnub nyoog li 40 xyoo rov qab los rau Moscow, tsis hais lus Lavxias, tsis nco qab txhua yam nws paub thiab ua tau ua ntej tawm mus, thiab tsis muaj mole.

Levashov sau Levashov N. Cov cim ntawm lub tebchaws loj. M. 2008, hais tias qhov mob tshwm sim ntawm Pseudopetra yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev noj tshuaj mercury, uas tau nrov nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd nrog kub taub hau. Tus sau sim kos cov kev xav ntawm kev hloov ntawm tsar mus rau qhov tseeb tias tam sim ntawd tom qab rov qab los ntawm kev mus ncig, Peter xa nws tus poj niam Evdokia mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj. Kev hloov pauv Levashov kuj piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm tom ntej "tiv thaiv Lavxias" ntawm huab tais. Piv txwv li, nws sau tias nws "nyem" 5,500 xyoo keeb kwm los ntawm cov neeg los ntawm kev qhia txog keeb kwm los ntawm kev yug los ntawm Khetos.

Cov kev kwv yees no yog nyob ntawm qhov tseeb yooj yim. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias Peter yog li ntawd txawv los ntawm cov duab ntawm ib tug niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab Orthodox tsar, thiab nws cov kev hloov kho thiaj li hloov cov duab ib txwm ntawm lub neej uas cov neeg zoo tib yam tsuas piav tau nws los ntawm kev hloov.

Nws tseem tsim nyog nco txog Lub Sijhawm Teebmeem, thaum "Tsarevich Dmitry" (False Dmitry), uas tau tuag ntev ua ntej ntawd, tau muaj hwj chim. Ntawd yog, thaum lub teb chaws xav tau lub tsar, ob peb nco qab tias qhov tseeb nws tau tuag rau lub sijhawm ntev, thiab thaum tus thawj tswj hwm qhov kev ua tau tawm tsam txoj kev tsim lub neej, nws "tawm" tias nws tsis yog tsar tiag tiag ntawm. tag nrho.

Kuj tseem muaj cov lus dab neeg hais tias Peter tau hloov pauv thaum tseem hluas. Hauv qee qhov kev txhais, qhov no tau ua los ntawm huab tais tus kheej niam Natalia Naryshkin. Raws li lwm version, Peter tau hloov thaum lub sij hawm mus ncig teb chaws mus rau lub German chaw nyob rau hauv Moscow.

Qhov tshwm sim loj ntawm cov tswv yim zoo li no yog cov lus xaiv tias huab tais yog Antichrist tiag tiag hauv cev nqaij daim tawv.

Los ntawm txoj kev, cov piv txwv zoo sib xws ntawm "cov thawj coj hloov pauv" feem ntau pom hauv ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, muaj lus dab neeg hais tias Jeanne d'Arc yog los ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, tab sis nws tau hloov thaum yau. Cov kev xav zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom hauv cov haujlwm hais txog tus neeg raug kaw hauv lub ntsej muag hlau uas nyob hauv Fab Kis tsev loj cuj hauv xyoo pua 17th.

4. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam thaum ub "khub" thaum pleev xim

Qee cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm nyob rau sab hnub poob tseem tab tom sim tig tus qauv duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb upside down. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog Hockney-Falco hypothesis.

Raws li tus kws kos duab pop David Hockney thiab optics physicist Charles Falco, qhov tseeb depiction ntawm cov khoom thiab cov neeg nyob rau hauv Renaissance canvases tsis muaj feem xyuam rau Hockney D. Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Poob Techniques of the Old Masters. Viking Studio. 2006 nrog rau kev txhim kho technology thiab craftsmanship. Lawv ntseeg tias ntau cov duab nto moo, pib nrog cov haujlwm ntawm Jan van Eyck thiab Caravaggio, tsis tuaj yeem tsim "los ntawm qhov muag" - tsuas yog siv cov khoom siv kho qhov muag tshwj xeeb:

• pinhole koob yees duab - ib tug yooj yim projector uas reproduces ib tug inverted thiab tsis heev meej duab ntawm ib tug me me screen;
• koob yees duab-lucids - cov khoom siv uas tso cai rau koj kom pom ob qho tib si ntawm cov khoom raug kos thiab kos duab nws tus kheej los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb prism;
• spherical iav.

Pinhole koob yees duab. Cov duab los ntawm Encyclopedia ntawm 1772. Duab: Denis Diderot thiab Jean le Rond d'Alembert / Wikimedia Commons

Siv lub koob yees duab lucida thaum kos duab. Duab: Wikimedia Commons

Hockney thiab Falco nyeem Hockney D. Kev Paub Tsis Paub: Rov Tshawb Nrhiav Cov Txheej Txheem Los Ntawm Cov Qub Masters. Viking Studio. 2006, nyob rau hauv txoj kev no cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm lub xyoo pua XIX tau txais cov ntawv luam ntawm cov khoom tiag tiag ntawm lub canvas, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lawv "xim" lawv cov duab. Hockney tau hais ntxiv tias tib yam Andy Warhol tsim nws cov haujlwm los ntawm kev kwv yees ntawm cov duab. Txhawm rau ua pov thawj qhov no, tus kws kos duab tau ua ntau qhov kev sim, ua cov duab kos siv lub npe hu ua nws thiab Falco.

Muaj ntau qhov kev sib cav tawm tsam Hockney-Falco hypothesis. Thiab ntawm lawv tsis yog tsuas yog qhov tseeb tias tsis yog ib qho ntawm Renaissance cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev siv cov cuab yeej kho qhov muag los ntawm cov neeg pleev kob. Yog li, nws tsis paub meej tias cov kws ua yeeb yam tau tswj hwm li cas rau kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov ntaub los ntawm cov cua, vim tias cov cuab yeej projection pab kho tsuas yog cov duab zoo li qub.

Qee cov khoom siv tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Renaissance. Piv txwv li, Jan van Eyck tsis tuaj yeem siv daim iav kheej kheej ntawm qhov loj uas yuav tsum tau pleev xim rau nws cov canvases: nyob rau xyoo pua 15th, thaum tus kws kos duab nyob thiab ua haujlwm, lawv tsis tau ua. Tsis tas li ntawd, Hockney yeej tsis siv cov xim hauv nws qhov kev sim. Tab sis daim duab kos duab, txawm tias ua los ntawm kev pab los ntawm kev ua kom yuam kev, tseem tsis tau muaj daim duab kos duab - yuav tsum muaj kev txawj tiag tiag los "xim" nws.

5. Nyob rau teb chaws As Mes Lis Kas muaj "Dulles Plan" rau kev tawg ntawm USSR thiab kev noj nyiaj txiag ntawm cov hluas

Peb yuav rub tawm cov hauv paus ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm Bolshevism, vulgarize thiab rhuav tshem lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev peb yuav co ib tiam dhau ib tiam, erode no Leninist fanaticism. Peb yuav tsuj tib neeg txij thaum yau, hluas, peb ib txwm tsom mus rau cov hluas, peb yuav ua tsis ncaj, tsis ncaj, ua qias tuaj!..

Peb yuav ua rau lawv cynics, vulgarians, cosmopolitans!

Peb yuav qhia lawv! Peb yuav ua kom ntau li ntau tau!..

Nyiaj yuav ua txhua yam, peb yuav undermine lub monolith ntawm koj haiv neeg!..

Cov no tsis yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev npaj insidious, kev sau ntawv uas yog ntaus nqi rau lub taub hau ntawm CIA ntawm 50-60s, Allen Dulles, raws li ib tug yuav xav. Ntawm no yog ib qho kev xaiv ntawm quotes los ntawm tus tshiab Nyob Mus Ib Txhis Hu los ntawm Anatoly Ivanov, uas, nyob rau hauv ib tug me ntsis revised daim ntawv, tau dhau los ntawm cov neeg txhawb ntawm kev koom tes theories raws li intrigues ntawm lub hotbed ntawm lub ntiaj teb no imperialism. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas nyob rau hauv phau ntawv cov lus no tsis suab los ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm ib tug American neeg soj xyuas (tsis muaj xws li cov cim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov) - lawv tau hais los ntawm ib tug qub tsarist neeg soj ntsuam uas yog sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau hauv lub Great. Patriotic ua tsov ua rog. Ib feem ntawm cov lus no tuaj yeem hnov hauv Soviet TV series, raws li cov ntawv tshiab xyoo 1973-1983.

Cov "cov ntaub ntawv", txawm li cas los xij, qhia txog ib qho ntawm cov kev xav tsis txaus ntseeg tshaj plaws, tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1992, nws tau raug hais raws li cov lus hais hauv kev sau cov lus cuav los ntawm Russia cov yeeb ncuab hauv cov ntawv xov xwm pro-communist Narodnaya Pravda. Ib tsab xov xwm hu ua "Tshwm Sim ntawm Invaders" tau luam tawm los ntawm qee yam A. Inozemtsev los ntawm Chisinau. Nyob rau hauv nws, Dulles nyob rau hauv ib tug par nrog Napoleon, Goebbels thiab Kennedy.

Tom qab ntawd "Tshwm Sim" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lwm cov ntawv xov xwm hauv tebchaws thiab "patriotic", tab sis nws yog cov excerpts los ntawm "Eternal Call" uas ua rau lub siab tshaj plaws rau cov pej xeem. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab ntawm Dulles Plan tau ua si los ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam Nikolai Eremenko, uas ua rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv TV hloov kho tshiab. Txij li thaum xyoo 2016, cov ntawv no tau muab tso rau hauv Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Daim Ntawv Teev Npe ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob.

Kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm "Dulles Plan" yog txuam nrog lub siab xav piav qhia txog lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR tsis yog los ntawm ib tug internal ntsoog thiab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet system, tab sis los ntawm sab nraud influences, "lub intrigues ntawm lub sab hnub poob." Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev npaj nteg rau hauv av fertile ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm ib txwm muaj nuj nqis, uas pom tias nkag mus rau txawv teb chaws kab lis kev cai raws li kev hem thawj rau lub teb chaws tus kheej. Lub tswv yim no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm qee cov neeg Lavxias niaj hnub no, uas pom qhov txaus ntshai ntawm txhua yam uas tuaj ntawm txawv teb chaws. Thiab, txawm hais tias nws tau ntev tau ua pov thawj tias tsis muaj "Dulles Plan", lawv tseem tham txog nws.

Yuav luag ib txwm, tom qab pseudo-keeb kwm theories muaj qee qhov kev koom ua ke "qhov tseeb" hauv tus ntsuj plig: "Tab sis qhov tseeb … Lawv kho qhov tseeb keeb kwm rau lawv tus kheej lub zeem muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab tsis quav ntsej lossis tshaj tawm cov cuav uas tsis sib haum nrog lawv cov kev xav. Lawv feem ntau tuaj nrog lwm "qhov tseeb" thiab tsim cov pov thawj cuav, cuam tshuam kev muaj tiag thiab dab neeg.

Ntau tus neeg nyiam qhov "tsis zoo li txhua tus neeg" txoj hauv kev, yog li phau ntawv Fomenko, Levashov thiab lwm tus nyiam lawv txuas ntxiv mus luam tawm thiab ya zoo li cov ncuav qab zib kub. Cov phau ntawv teev keeb kwm tshiab ib leeg muaj cov phau ntawv sau txog ntau pua txoj haujlwm thiab ntau zaj yeeb yaj kiab. Cov xov xwm daj, hauv kev nrhiav qhov kev xav, khaws cov tswv yim no, tso tawm "qhia tawm" cov ntawv thiab "documentary" films.

Tsis muaj dab tsi tsis ncaj ncees lawm nrog lwm qhov kev xav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm keeb kwm. Qhov tseeb tias tib neeg khwv tau peev los ntawm qhov no kuj yog qhov teeb meem. Tab sis thaum tom qab no muaj kev dag, hais lus phem, ruam thiab tsis paub, keeb kwm yeej tsis yog kev tshawb fawb lossis ib ceg ntawm kev paub ze rau nws. Nws hloov mus rau hauv marginal kev qhuab qhia zoo li astrology lossis palmistry.