5 Kev Tiv Thaiv Cov Lus Qhia Koj Yuav Tsum Tsis Ntseeg Hauv 21st Century

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Tshawb nrhiav seb qhov kev xav tsis zoo uas twb muaj lawm txog kev tiv thaiv ntawm peb lub cev tuaj yeem ua rau peb txoj kev noj qab haus huv loj heev.

Lus dab neeg #1. Kev txhaj tshuaj yuav tsis pab

Kev taw qhia cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yog ua los txhawm rau muab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kab mob txaus ntshai. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua rau tus neeg noj qab haus huv thiaj li "caj npab" lub cev ua ntej nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua.

Tom qab cov khoom siv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, tib lub tswv yim tau tshwm sim uas ua haujlwm thaum muaj kab mob tshwm sim. Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob - B-lymphocytes - ua rau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kab mob molecules uas ua cov ntawv rau txawv teb chaws thiab pab kom tshem tawm cov kab mob sai sai.

Thaum txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev ua haujlwm nquag tsis raug cuam tshuam los rhuav tshem cov kab mob, vim tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob. Qhov no yog ib yam ntawm "rehearsal" ntawm kev ua ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob nyob rau hauv teb rau ingress ntawm ib tug txaus ntshai kis kab mob.

Tom qab inoculation thiab synthesis ntawm tsim nyog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, lub cev twb "tau txais lub sij hawm": nws B-lymphocytes "nco" uas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau tsim thaum ntsib nrog cov kab mob no los yog cov kab mob. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yuav ua tiav tso cai rau cov khoom ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov kev hem thawj thiab tshem tawm ntawm lub cev ua ntej tus kab mob tshwm sim.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj ntawv tso cai raug sim nruj heev thiab raug rov kho dua thiab tshuaj xyuas thaum lawv nkag mus rau hauv khw.

Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tau muab 100% lav tias tus neeg txhaj tshuaj yuav tsis mob, tab sis cov txheej txheem no txo qis qhov yuav kis tau tus kab mob txaus ntshai.

Raws li WHO (Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb), txhua xyoo kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm ob mus rau peb lab tus neeg tuag los ntawm diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis thiab qhua pias, thiab tus kab mob variola txaus ntshai tau swb tag nrho nrog kev pab los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj.

Lus dab neeg 2. Cov me nyuam yuav tsum ua kom tsis muaj menyuam vim lawv tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv

Qhov tseeb, cov menyuam mos yug tshiab muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob, tab sis nws loj hlob zuj zus nyob rau ntau xyoo raws li cov kev pab cuam caj ces embedded nyob rau hauv DNA ntawm Basha S., Surendran N., Pichichero M. Immune teb nyob rau hauv neonates. // Kws tshaj lij Rev Clin Immunol. 2014. Vol. 10, No. 9. P. 1171-1184. … Nws pom tau tias thaum tus menyuam loj hlob tuaj.

Thaum lub fetus nyob hauv plab, nws muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm leej niam. Lymphoid cov kab mob yog maj mam tsim: pob txha pob txha, thymus, tsub zuj zuj ntawm diffuse lymphoid cov ntaub so ntswg, lymph nodes, spleen. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob - lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils - yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim siab, spleen thiab pob txha pob txha ntawm tus me nyuam hauv plab.

Hauv thawj peb lub hlis tom qab yug me nyuam, tus me nyuam tsuas yog tiv thaiv los ntawm leej niam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Adkins B., Leclerc C., Marshall-Clarke S. Neonatal adaptive immunity los ntawm hnub nyoog. // Nat Rev Immunol. 2004. Vol. 4, nr 7, p. 553–564. … Kev hloov pauv ntawm IgG cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub quarter kawg ntawm cev xeeb tub. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv niam txiv degrade raws sij hawm, thiab los ntawm 3-6 lub hlis, ntau ntawm lawv tsis ua haujlwm.

Tus me nyuam daim tawv nqaij, uas yog rhiab heev txawm rau me me raug mob, yog them nrog vernix caseosa vernix. Qhov sib tov zoo li no yog zais los ntawm cov qog sebaceous. Nws muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob - lysozymes, defensins, psoriazins, antimicrobial fatty acids. Lawv txhua tus tsim ib daim thaiv tiv thaiv kab mob uas tiv thaiv tus menyuam mos los ntawm ntau yam kab mob ua rau cov kab mob Levy O. Innate tiv thaiv ntawm tus menyuam mos: cov txheej txheem yooj yim thiab kev sib raug zoo hauv kev kho mob. // Nat Rev Immunol. 2007. Vol. 7, nr 5., p. 379-390. …

Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm yug me nyuam, Peyer thaj ua rau thaj, tsub zuj zuj ntawm T thiab B lymphocytes nyob rau hauv lub mucous daim nyias nyias, twb muaj nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv ntawm tus me nyuam mos. Thaum cov kab mob nkag mus, lawv ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab pab ntxiv kom txaus teb rau cov khoom txawv teb chaws hauv plab hnyuv Reboldi A., Cyster J. G. Peyer thaj ua rau thaj: teeb tsa B cell teb ntawm txoj hnyuv frontier. // Immunol Rev. 2016. Vol. 271, nr 1., 230–245. …

Txij thaum yug los, ib tug me nyuam muaj qhov kev pab cuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kom nws maturation kom paub, yuav tsum tau sib cuag nrog ntau yam antigens thiab sij hawm.

Tau kawg, txog thaum lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob muaj zog tag nrho, cov menyuam yaus muaj zog dua li cov neeg laus, muaj kev pheej hmoo kis tus kab mob no lossis kis kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, lub siab xav tsim "tsis muaj mob" rau tus menyuam hem kev loj hlob ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj - kev tsis haum tshuaj thiab kab mob autoimmune.

Muaj kev xav txog kev nyiam huv, raws li qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov xwm txheej zoo li no tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cuag tsis txaus nrog cov kab mob sib kis, cov kab mob symbiotic - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib txwm microflora thiab cov kab mob cab thaum yau. Qhov tsis muaj kev sib cuag no ua rau muaj kev ua txhaum ntawm kev tsim lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob - kev tiv thaiv rau ib tus kheej lub hlwb thiab cov molecules.

Kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas nyob hauv cov xwm txheej ze rau kev tsis muaj menyuam tej zaum yuav tsis tsim kho yav tom ntej.

Evolutionarily, ib tug neeg yeej ib txwm tau txais ib theem ntawm load ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tej yam kab mob. Yog tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov antigens nyob ib puag ncig poob, ces lub cev pib tawm tsam cov khoom tsis zoo thiab cov tebchaw. Piv txwv li, paj paj ntoos los yog cov khoom noj khoom haus tuaj yeem ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob Okada H., Kuhn C., Feillet H., Bach J-F. Lub 'kev xav txog kev nyiam huv' rau cov kab mob autoimmune thiab kev tsis haum: kev hloov tshiab. // ClinExp Immunol. 2010. Vol. 160, Nr. 1. P. 1-9. …

Nws ntseeg tau tias lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob loj tuaj thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12-14 xyoos, thaum lub cev hluas pib tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tib yam li hauv cov neeg laus lub cev.

Tswvyim No. 3. Kev tiv thaiv yog txhawb zog los ntawm yogurts thiab multivitamin ntxiv

Muaj ntau cov lus pom zoo hauv kev tshaj tawm thiab kev tshaj tawm uas ntxias koj mus yuav yogurt nrog cov kab mob, multivitamin complexes, miracle immunostimulants thiab ntau ntxiv. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj daim ntawv qhia zoo tshaj plaws thiab yooj yim rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis.

Cia peb pib nrog yogurt. Hauv kev lag luam, peb tau hais tias kev tiv thaiv yog nyob ntawm txoj hnyuv microflora, thiab yogurts nrog cov kab mob zoo txhim kho microflora - thiab yog li ntawd lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.

Niaj hnub no peb paub tias txog ib txhiab hom kab mob nyob hauv tib neeg txoj hnyuv, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Kev sib koom ua ke ntev ntawm cov kab mob thiab tib neeg lub cev tau coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm microbiome Hillman ET, Lu H., Yao T., Nakatsu CH Microbial ecology raws plab hnyuv / / Microbes Ib puag ncig. 2017. Vol. 32, nr 4. Ib., 300-313. …

Lub plab hnyuv microflora tsis tsuas yog pab zom thiab tsim cov vitamins B thiab vitamin K uas peb lub cev tsis tuaj yeem tsim, tab sis kuj tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic microbes, tswj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov hnyuv mucosa thiab lub cev tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv cov hnyuv.

Tab sis qhov tseeb yog cov kab mob los ntawm sab nraud, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog - cov kab mob zoo yogurt - tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv cov hnyuv mus ntev.

Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm Asmeskas kws tshawb fawb Sherwood Gorbach, uas tau kawm txog kab mob kab mob rau ntau tshaj 20 xyoo - nws tsis tuaj yeem pom cov kab mob nyob hauv cov hnyuv hauv ib qho ntawm cov khoom noj mis nyuj ntawm Asmeskas, Europe thiab Asia. Yog tias qee hom muaj sia nyob tom qab gastric hydrochloric acid, lawv tseem ploj tom qab 1-2 hnub los ntawm Jessica Snyder Sachs. "Cov kab mob zoo thiab phem." M., AST: Corpus, 2014.-- 496 p. …

Txawm hais tias niaj hnub no qee cov probiotics tau pom cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo hauv kev sim, txog tam sim no cov kws tshawb fawb tsis txaus ntseeg cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog lawv cov txiaj ntsig Sanders ME, Guarner F., Guerrant R., Holt PR, Quigley EM, Sartor RB, Sherman PM, Mayer EA Ib qho hloov tshiab ntawm kev siv thiab tshawb xyuas cov probiotics hauv kev noj qab haus huv thiab kab mob // Gut. 2013. Vol. 62, nr 5. Ib., 787-796. …

Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Lub Chaw Tswj Xyuas Khoom Noj thiab Tshuaj tsis tau pom zoo ib qho probiotic rau kev tiv thaiv lossis kev kho mob ib yam, nrog rau cov uas muaj feem rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob Degnan FH US Food and Drug Administration thiab probiotics: regulatory categorization // Clin Infect Dis. 2008. Vol. 46, no. 2: S. 133–136; sib tham S. 144-151. …

Tej zaum cov tshuaj multivitamin yuav pab tau li cas? Cov vitamins pab ua kom tiav tag nrho cov kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub cev. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tib neeg lub cev xav tau 13 cov vitamins rau lub neej ib txwm muaj: vitamin A, B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12), vitamins C, D, E thiab K Bender DA Nutritional biochemistry ntawm lub cev. cov vitamins. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2003.488 p. …

Cov vitamins A, C, D, E, thiab B6 tau pom tias yog cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nrog rau lawv qhov tsis muaj, kev ua kom T thiab B-lymphocytes yog qhov tsis zoo, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua rau lub cev muaj zog yog tsim los rau ntau dua, uas qee zaum tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem pathological Mora JR, Iwata M., von Andrian UH Vitamin cuam tshuam rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob: cov vitamins A thiab D coj theem nruab nrab // Nat Rev Immunol. 2008. Vol. 8, nr 9, p. 685–698. …

Hmoov tsis zoo, multivitamin complexes feem ntau tig tawm los ua tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, vim hais tias cov vitamins hluavtaws hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj yog absorbed zuj zus los yog tsis tag nrho los ntawm peb lub cev.

Qee cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj, xws li calcium thiab hlau, tsis tuaj yeem nqus tau ua ke. Tshwj xeeb, cov roj-soluble vitamins A, D, E, thiab K feem ntau muaj raws li cov ntsiav tshuaj uas tsis muaj lipids xav tau rau kev nqus.

Nutritionists, kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm cov koom haum muaj koob npe xws li WHO thiab FDA (Food and Drug Administration) pom zoo kom noj zaub mov zoo thiab tau txais cov vitamins los ntawm cov zaub mov. Yog tias tsis muaj cov vitamins, koj yuav tsum sab laj nrog kws kho mob thiab tshuaj xyuas cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom noj muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Kev sim ua kom ntxiv cov vitamins ntawm koj tus kheej, yam tsis tau sab laj nrog kws kho mob, tuaj yeem txaus ntshai heev.

Raws li kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb ntau, kev noj cov vitamins ntau dhau txhua hnub tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau ntxiv ntawm kev tsim ntau yam kab mob Hamishehkar H., Ranjdoost F., Asgharian P., Mahmoodpoor A., Sanaie S. Vitamins, Puas Yog Lawv Zoo? ? // Adv Pharm Bull, 2016. Vol. 6, nr 4., 467–477. …

Myth nab npawb 4. Lub hlwb tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv

Lub hlwb, zoo li qee cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov kabmob - lub cornea ntawm lub qhov muag, cov noob qes, cov thyroid caj pas - yog hu ua lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob vim qhov tseeb tias nws raug cais tawm ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob siv cov ntshav- hlwb barrier. Qhov teeb meem no, ntawm lwm yam, tiv thaiv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov ntshav, uas muaj cov hlwb thiab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub hlwb txawv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub cev. Txij li thaum lub paj hlwb yog rhiab heev rau ntau yam kev puas tsuaj, nws lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis muaj zog, tab sis qhov no tsis txhais hais tias tsis muaj dab tsi hlo li.

Piv txwv li, lub hlwb muaj nws tus kheej lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob - microglia yog cais macrophages ntawm lub hlwb uas tiv thaiv cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm cov kab mob. Thaum phagocytosis ("noj") cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob, microglia tsim cov teeb liab uas ua rau mob hauv qee qhov ntawm lub hlwb Ribes S., Ebert S., Czesnik D., Regen T., Zeug A., Bukowski S., Mildner A., Eiffert H., Hanisch U.-K., Hammerschmidt S. Hu xov tooj zoo li receptor prestimulation nce phagocytosis ntawm Escherichia coli DH5alpha thiab Escherichia coli K1strains los ntawm murine microglial hlwb. // Kab mob Immun. 2009. Vol. 77. P. 557-564; Ribes S., Ebert S., Regen T., Agarwal A., Tauber S. C., Czesnik D., Spreer A., Bunkowski S., Eiffert H., Hanisch U.-K. Hu xov tooj zoo li receptor stimulation txhim kho phagocytosis thiab intracellular tua ntawm nonencapsulated thiab encapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae los ntawm murine microglia. // Kab mob Immun. 2010. Vol. 78. P. 865-871 ib. …

Nws tau siv los xav tias qhov muaj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub hlwb yog txwv rau cov hlwb microglial. Tab sis xyoo 2017, Dr. Daniel Reich, ua ke nrog nws pawg kws tshawb fawb, tau ua ntau yam kev sim siv cov duab sib nqus resonance thiab txheeb xyuas cov hlab ntsha lymphatic hauv cov meninges ntawm liab thiab tib neeg Absinta M., Ha S.-K., Nair G., Sati P., Luciano NJ, Palisoc M., Louveau A., Zaghloul KA, Pittaluga S., Kipnis J., Reich DS Human thiab nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic hlab ntsha uas tuaj yeem pom tsis pom kev los ntawm MRI. // eLife. 2017. Vol. 6. Tshooj e29738. …

Ntxiv nrog rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov hlab ntsha lymphatic, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb. Yog li, cytokine IFN-γ, ib qho kev taw qhia molecule uas tiv thaiv cov kab mob, tau koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm kev coj noj coj ua.

Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Virginia thiab Massachusetts tau txheeb xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cytokine tsis muaj peev xwm nrog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov paj hlwb, uas kuj tau pom hauv cov tsiaj uas muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Qhov no tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj interferon rau hauv cerebrospinal kua Filiano AJ, Xu Y., Tustison NJ, Marsh RL, Baker W., Smirnov I., Zuag qhia tag nrho CC, Gadani SP, Turner SD, Weng Z., Peerzade SN, Chen H.., Lee KS, Scott MM, Beenhakker MP, Litvak V., Kipnis J. // Xwm. 2016. Vol. 535. P. 425-429 ib.

Lus dab neeg 5. Yog tias lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua haujlwm zoo heev, ces nws yeej ib txwm zoo

Kev ua haujlwm ntau dhau ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub cev.

Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob muaj peev xwm rhuav tshem cov khoom txawv teb chaws, suav nrog cov kab mob sib kis, thiab tshem tawm lawv lub cev. Tab sis qee zaum lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem ua yuam kev hauv lub cev tsis zoo rau cov kab mob uas muaj peev xwm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob, kev tsis haum tshuaj lossis kev tsis haum tshuaj tuaj yeem tshwm sim.

Raws li kev faib tawm uas tau hais los ntawm British immunologists Philip Jell thiab Robin Coombs rov qab rau xyoo 1963, muaj plaub hom kev tshwm sim Gell P. G. H., Coombs R. R. A. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv qab. // Clinical Aspects of Immunology. Blackwell Science. Xyoo 1963…. Thawj peb hom kev mob ntshav siab yog qhov tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, txij li thaum lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tshwm sim li ob peb feeb tom qab kev sib cuag nrog cov allergen. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thib plaub yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev loj hlob - los ntawm ob peb teev mus rau ob peb hnub.

Cov ntaub ntawv yog raws li phau ntawv "Yuav Ua Li Cas Kev Tiv Thaiv Ua Haujlwm" los ntawm Ekaterina Umnyakova. Tus txiv neej raug ntau lab tus kab mob microscopic txhua hnub. Kab mob, kab mob, fungi, protozoa pw tos peb txhua qhov chaw.

Hmoov zoo, tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau peb lub neej, tab sis ntau tus tuaj yeem ua mob hnyav rau peb txoj kev noj qab haus huv. Phau ntawv no nthuav dav thiab nkag siab hais txog yuav ua li cas lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua haujlwm, nrog rau cov kev xav tsis zoo uas txwv tsis pub peb nkag siab tias yuav ua li cas rau lub cev thaum tsis noj qab haus huv.