10 yam khoom kim tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Nco ntsoov tias qee qhov txwv tsis pub, lwm tus tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab lwm tus yog qhov txaus ntshai.

10. Ntsuag nyuj

• Nqe: los ntawm $ 60 mus rau $ 110 ib gram.
• Nrhiav qhov twg: nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws ntawm South-East Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia thiab Malaysia). Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov khoom no feem ntau pom txuas nrog rhinoceros. Cov tsiaj lawv tus kheej tuaj yeem pom hauv Africa thiab Asia.

Hauv Suav teb, Nyab Laj thiab lwm lub tebchaws Esxias, lub horn tau ntseeg tias kho mob qog noj ntshav, ua npaws thiab lwm yam kab mob, thiab tseem ua haujlwm rau cov tshuaj aphrodisiac. Yog li ntawd, African poachers tsis tu ncua tua rhinos thiab pauv lawv cov seem ntawm lub khw dub. Raws li kev kwv yees ntxhib, txij li xyoo 2007, tsawg kawg 7,100 ntawm cov tsiaj no tau raug tua nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa, thiab muaj txog 25,000 ntawm lawv. Tsis ntev los no, txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom lag luam tau poob qis, vim tias Tuam Tshoj tau pib tawm tsam qhov kev lag luam no.

Los ntawm kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, nqos lub pob zeb tsis muaj kev noj qab haus huv dua li tom koj cov rau tes. Tom qab tag nrho, rhino horns yog tsim los ntawm keratin. Lawv kev kho mob kub taub hau lossis mob qog noj ntshav yog kev ntseeg uas tsis tau lees paub los ntawm ib yam dab tsi. Yog li rhinos tuag tag nrho.

9. Rhodium

• Nqe: kwv yees $363 ib gram.
• Nrhiav qhov twg: nyob rau hauv haiv neeg platinum, feem ntau hauv South Africa, nrog rau hauv Canada, Colombia thiab Russia.

Rhodium yog qhov kim tshaj plaws thiab nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov hlau muaj nuj nqis. Nws raug nqi ntau dua kub thiab platinum, tab sis sab nraud zoo li nyiaj.

Rhodium tsis yog siv los tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub - nws kim heev. Nws kuj yog ib qho yooj yim heev. Xwb, nws yog siv rau saum npoo ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub kom nws durability. Qhov no yog hu ua rhodium plating.

Lwm lub ntsiab yog siv nyob rau hauv electronics thiab iav kev lag luam, los tsim neutron flux detectors nyob rau hauv nuclear reactors thiab raws li ib tug catalyst nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov nitric acid.

8. LSD

• Nqe: txog $3,000 ib gram hauv nws daim ntawv purest crystalline.
• Nrhiav qhov twg: nws yog qhov zoo dua tsis mus nrhiav nws.

LSD yog d-lysergic acid diethylamide, ib qho psychedelic uas ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv tib neeg. Nws tau tshawb pom los ntawm Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann thiab siv tam sim ntawd - thaum xub thawj los ntawm kev sib tsoo, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau koom nrog.

LSD yog tsim los ntawm ergot, ib tug fungus uas ua rau ergotism, ib tug kab mob uas ua rau hallucinations, gangrene thiab convulsions. Kev tsim LSD raug txwv los ntawm txoj cai lij choj hauv ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb, yog vim li cas cov khoom siv kim heev.

7. Tritium

• Nqe: $30,000 ib gram.
• Nrhiav qhov twg: Tritium Extraction Facility, Savannah River, Tebchaws Asmeskas; PA "Mayak", Ozersk, Russia; Ontario Hydro, Darlington Nuclear Power Plant, Canada. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm huab cua thaum cosmic hluav taws xob hais sib tsoo nrog cov nuclei ntawm nitrogen atoms.

Cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb yog hydrogen. Yog vim li ntawd nws thiaj pheej yig heev. Nws yog txhua yam kev lom zem tshaj plaws uas cov xov tooj cua isotope ntawm hydrogen tritium, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog kim heev.

Tritium yog tsim nyob rau hauv nuclear reactors los ntawm irradiating lithium-6 nrog neutrons. Nws raug nqi txog $ 30 lab los tsim ib kilogram ntawm cov khoom no.

Tritium yog lub pob tshab tsis pom cov pa. Ib zaj dab neeg txuas nrog qhov no, uas tau hais los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm High-tech Research Institute of Inorganic Materials. Lawv hais tias ib zaug cov thawj coj tuaj nrog ib daim tshev thiab thov kom lawv qhia lawv lub tritium. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov no thiab tau txais kev thuam. Tab sis, feem ntau, tritium nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv concentrated glows, yog li nws ntxiv rau cov nplhaib tseem ceeb, saib tes thiab cov cuab yeej kho mob.

Nws kuj yog siv los ua roj hauv cov thermonuclear reactors thiab them nrog hydrogen foob pob. Thiab tritium kuj tau pub rau cov tshuab hluav taws xob qis, piv txwv li, hauv cov khoom siv kho mob.

6. Painite

• Nqe: mus txog $300,000 ib gram lossis txog $60,000 ib carat.
• Nrhiav qhov twg: natural deposits nyob rau hauv Mogok thiab Kachin counties nyob rau hauv Myanmar.

Yog tias koj xav tias pob zeb diamond yog ib tug hluas nkauj tus phooj ywg zoo tshaj plaws, ces ntawm no yog ib yam khoom kim tshaj rau koj dua li pob zeb diamond. Qhov no yog painite - ib tug ntxhia los ntawm chav kawm ntawm borates (Sasha Baron Cohen tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog nws, lub thiaj li hu ua ntsev ntawm orthoboric acid), qhov tsawg tshaj plaws thiab kim tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Txog rau xyoo 2005, tsuas yog 25 daim ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce tau paub ua kom tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom ntiag tug thiab tsev cia puav pheej. Tom qab ntawd, ib qho kev tso nyiaj tau pom nyob rau hauv Myanmar, uas coj ob peb lub pob zeb ntxiv, txawm tias tsis zoo. Painite xim txawv ntawm ruby liab mus rau brownish txiv kab ntxwv.

5. Zolgensma

• Nqe: txog $390,000 ib gram.
• Nrhiav qhov twg: Laboratory ntawm lub tuam txhab Novartis, Basel, Switzerland.

Onsemnogen abeparvovec (lub npe lag luam - "Zolgensma") yog lub ntiaj teb thawj cov tshuaj rau kev kho mob ntawm tus txha caj qaum atrophy. Nws yog ib qho mob uas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg los ntawm kev txav, nqos thiab tuav lawv lub taub hau. Txawm hais tias muaj ib hom SMA uas tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv cov neeg laus, atrophy feem ntau tshwm sim hauv thawj 18 lub hlis ntawm lub neej. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau ua rau me nyuam tuag ntawm cov uas txuam nrog heredity. SMA noob yog nqa los ntawm ib tus neeg hauv txhua 40-60 tus neeg hauv ntiaj teb.

Tau ntev, nws tau ntseeg tias SMA yog, hauv paus ntsiab lus, kho tsis tau, tab sis xyoo 2019 tseem pom muaj kev kho. Muaj tseeb, nws yog qhov nyuaj heev rau kev tsim khoom, yog li 5.5 ml koob tshuaj Zolgensma raug nqi $ 2.25 lab. Cov tshuaj tau nkag mus rau hauv Guinness Phau Ntawv Cov Ntaub Ntawv yog cov tshuaj kim tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

4. Regolith

• Nqe: $ 4.28 lab ib gram.
• Nrhiav qhov twg: Lub hli, nrog rau txhua lub ntiaj teb nrog cov khoom nto thiab asteroids.

Regolith tsuas yog av, xoob pob zeb uas npog saum npoo ntawm lub cev xilethi-aus. Qhov ze tshaj ntawm regolith rau peb yog lub hli.

Regolith muaj ntau yam minerals thiab igneous pob zeb, nrog rau cov iav uas tsim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas meteorites poob thaum xuab zeb raug kub. Raws li Neil Armstrong, thawj tus neeg ntawm lub hli, yog tias koj tso lub regolith hauv ntiaj teb huab cua, nws yuav hnov zoo li I. I. Cherkasov, V. V. Shvaryov. Kuv hlawv cov av ntawm lub hli thiab tua pistons.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, txog 324 g ntawm regolith yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, sau los ntawm Soviet tsis siv neeg chaw nres tsheb "Lunniks", 382 kg ntawm rau "Apollo" thiab 1,731 grams coj los ntawm Suav noj. Qee yam ntawm Apollo astronauts 'cov cuab yeej, smeared nrog lub hli plua plav, tau auctioned. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm Sotheby's hauv 1993, lawv muag 0.6 grams ntawm regolith xa los ntawm Luna-24 chaw nres tsheb rau $ 442,500. Ib qho kim tab sis tsis tshwj xeeb yog yuav khoom.

3. California-252

• Nqe: mus txog $27 lab ib gram.
• Nrhiav qhov twg: RIAR hauv Dimitrovgrad, Russia; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA.

Californium-252 yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas tsis ruaj khov thiab kim heev rau kev tsim khoom. Nws yog ib tug silvery dawb hlau.

Kuj tseem muaj cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua, tab sis qhov no sawv cev rau qhov nws tsawg kawg muaj cov kev siv tswv yim, tsis zoo li, piv txwv li, Fabkis. Californium yog siv nyob rau hauv lub nuclear reactor raws li ib tug neutron qhov chaw. Nws kuj tuaj yeem siv los kho qee hom mob hlwb thiab mob qog noj ntshav. Tsis tas li ntawd, Californium muaj nyob rau hauv cov roj thiab thee detectors thiab ib co hlau detectors.

2. Astatine

• Nqe: los ntawm $ 1 billion Phau Ntawv Qhia Cyclotrons siv rau Radionuclide Production hauv Cov Tswv Cuab hauv ib gram.
• Nrhiav qhov twg: nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no muaj 36 cyclotrons muaj peev xwm tsim astatin. Tsis tas li ntawd, kwv yees li 1 gram ntawm astatin (kwv yees) muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust.

Astatine 1.

2. - qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm lub caij nyoog nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim nws artificially dua li nrhiav nws nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Tab sis txawm nyob hauv chav kuaj, tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ob peb nanograms ntawm astatine tuaj yeem ua ke.

Hais lus nruj me ntsis, tau txais astatine txaus kom pom nws tsis ua haujlwm. Feem ntau, nws yuav zoo li xiav-dub hlau uas zoo li iodine thiab nyiaj tib lub sijhawm. Tab sis nws tsis pom zoo kom smear qhov txhab nrog nws vim tias muaj zog alpha hluav taws xob uas astatin tsim.

Hauv kev xav, astatin tuaj yeem pab kho mob qog noj ntshav. Hauv kev xyaum, nws nyuaj heev thiab kim heev los tsim. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis yog tsuas yog radioactive, tab sis kuj tsis ruaj khov.

1. Antimatter

• Nqe: 62.5-100 trillion las ib gram ntawm antihydrogen.
• Nrhiav qhov twg: CERN, Switzerland; DESY, Lub teb chaws Yelemees; Tevatron, USA.

Antimatter yog ib yam khoom uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: cov khoom zoo ib yam li cov khoom qub, uas txhua yam hauv lub Ntiaj Teb muaj, tab sis nrog cov nqi sib txawv. Hauv txoj kev xav, thaum lub ntiaj teb tshwm sim hauv Big Bang, quarks thiab antiquarks tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov lej sib npaug, tab sis tam sim no peb tsuas tuaj yeem saib galaxies thiab hnub qub los ntawm cov teeb meem ib txwm, thiab tsis yog los ntawm ib qho positrons. Yog vim li cas yog ib tug paub tsis meej, hu ua nyob rau hauv physics "Baryon asymmetry ntawm lub ntug".

Antimatter instantly annihilates thaum sib cuag nrog ib txwm teeb meem - cov particle thiab cov antiparticle tshem tawm ib leeg, tso ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm lub zog. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tshwm sim hauv qhov xwm txheej. Koj tsuas tuaj yeem tau txais nws hauv chav kuaj. Physicists los ntawm European Lub Koom Haum rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Nuclear (CERN) tau tswj hwm los tsim 309 antiprotons uas kav ntev li 17 feeb. Nws tseem tsis tau muaj peev xwm khaws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntev dua, nws nyuaj heev los tsim nws, yog li nws kim heev.

Hauv txoj kev xav, antimatter tuaj yeem siv los ua lub zog thiab roj rau lub dav hlau. Ib rab diav yog txaus los muab ob peb megacities nrog hluav taws xob rau xyoo lawm.