Dab tsi yog "Novice" tshuaj lom thiab nws cuam tshuam rau lub cev li cas

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Cov lus teb ntxaws ntxaws rau cov lus nug txog cov tshuaj phem tshaj plaws uas muaj tshuaj lom nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb.

Dab tsi yog "Newbie"?

"Novichok" tsis yog ib qho tshuaj lom, tab sis tag nrho tsev neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov hlab ntsha-tus tuag tes tuag taw. Cov pab pawg muaj ntau dua 60 cov tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov no tau tshaj tawm nyob rau xyoo 2018 ntawm lub rooj sib tham xov xwm tom qab 57th kev sib tham ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Koom Haum rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Tshuaj Riam Phom (OPCW) cov lus pom zoo CEEB TOOM NTAWM LUB SIJ HAWM NTAWM LUB EXECUTIVE COUNCIL USA, Canada thiab Netherlands Qhov no tshwm sim tom qab GRU yav dhau los Colonel Sergei Skripal thiab nws tus ntxhais raug tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv lub nroog Salisbury (Great Britain) nrog ib tug tshuaj los ntawm pawg Novichok.

Ib tug ntawm cov creators ntawm Novichok, Vil Mirzayanov, paub tseeb hais tias ib tug ntawm cov inventors ntawm Novichok tso cai rau kev sib kis ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub USSR thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no hais tias cov tshuaj formulas los ntawm lub tshiab OPCW daim ntawv teev npe yog precisely rau cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj lom. Raws li lwm tus tsim tawm, Vladimir Uglev, hauv Salisbury tau siv "Novichok", codenamed A-234.

Lub "Newbie" tuaj qhov twg?

Qhov tseeb, ob lub npe tau hais saum toj no. Cov no yog Soviet chemists uas, nyob rau hauv 1970s, tsim tshuaj tua kab mob ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv lub Volsk ceg ntawm lub xeev tshawb fawb lub koom haum ntawm Organic Chemistry thiab Technology (GosNIIOKhT). Kev ua haujlwm yog ib feem ntawm qhov kev pab cuam dav dav "Folio" Tshuaj riam phom - kev ua tsov rog nrog ib tus neeg ntawm nws tus kheej (qhov kev nyuaj siab Lavxias), suav nrog ntau yam riam phom tshuaj.

Yog li, nyob rau hauv 1972, muaj peev xwm sib ntaus sib tua "Novichok" A-230 tau tsim. Cov tub rog txawm ua qhov kev sim, tab sis lawv ua tsis tiav: cov khoom poob nws cov khoom muaj kuab lom nyob rau hauv txias. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1975, lawv pib tsim lub A-234 - yav tom ntej tshuaj lom los ntawm Salisbury.

Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam Ib qho ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm Novichok tau tso cai ntau dua 100 qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm USSR thoob plaws ntiaj teb: qee qhov muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua, xws li A-232 lossis A-234, thiab qee qhov tsawg dua.

Vladimir Uglev, tus tsim tawm ntawm "Novichok", hauv kev tawm tswv yim rau "Interfax"

Uglev hais tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob tshuaj tua kab mob tau tsim nyob rau hauv USSR, tab sis tsis tsim. Ntawd yog, lawv tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov ntau xav tau rau kev sim - thiab tsis muaj ntxiv.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Vil Mirzayanov, rov qab rau xyoo 1992, tshaj tawm tias Lavxias tus kws tshaj lij Vil Mirzayanov hais tias Russia, raws li Novichok, tau tsim ib tiam tshiab ntawm riam phom tshuaj, uas nws npaj yuav nkaum los ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Tom qab cov lus no, tus kws tshuaj raug ntes thiab raug foob nrog kev tawm tsam lub xeev secrets. Muaj tseeb, ces nws raug tso tawm, thiab Mirzayanov emigrated mus rau lub tebchaws United States.

Novichok tshuaj lom ua haujlwm li cas?

Me ntsis yog paub txog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab, raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov nyhuv ntawm "Novichok" nyob rau hauv lub cev. Nws yog assumed Vil Mirzayanov: "Novichok" tsuas yog tsim nyob rau hauv Russia tias cov tshuaj lom ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug cholinesterase inhibitor. Raws li Zweites Statement der Charité: Klinische Befunde weisen auf Vergiftung von Alexei Nawalny hin kws kho mob los ntawm Berlin lub tsev kho mob Charite, nws yog cov tshuaj lom no uas tau pom nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm Alexei Navalny.

Cholinesterase inhibitors muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj lom uas tshwm sim (piv txwv li, qee hom nab), thiab kuj tau tsim cov khoom tsim. Cov tshuaj no stimulates lub paj hlwb. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv qee yam koob tshuaj, Lub luag haujlwm ntawm acetylcholinesterase inhibitors hauv kev kho mob hlwb, suav nrog Alzheimer's thiab Parkinson's. Cia peb kawm seb nws ua haujlwm li cas.

Cholinesterase yog ib pawg ntawm cov enzymes uas zom cov neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine, nyob rau hauv lem, yog ib yam khoom los ntawm cov teeb liab kis tau los ntawm ib tug neuron mus rau lwm tus. Nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb: ua tsaug rau acetylcholine, cov paj hlwb nquag "sib tham" nrog ib leeg, txhawb cov leeg. Thiab ib tug neeg tau txais lub sijhawm txav mus sai thiab muaj zog, mloog zoo, kawm, muaj kev zoo siab.

Ib qho cholinesterase inhibitor yog ib yam khoom uas inhibits qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib qho enzyme, uas ua rau kom nce tus nqi ntawm acetylcholine hauv lub cev. Yog li ntawd, cov paj hlwb pib pauv cov cim qhia ntau dhau. Qhov no ua rau tsis tu ncua kev zoo siab, overexertion, nqaij spasm, convulsions.

Cholinesterase inhibitors yog lub hauv paus rau kev ua ntawm qee cov tshuaj tua rog, xws li sarin.

Cov nqaij ntshiv convulsively, vim qhov no, ib tug neeg tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis taus pa ib txwm, thiab muaj zog plawv arrhythmia tshwm sim. Yog li, yog tias qib ntawm acetylcholine tsis rov qab mus rau qhov qub, tus neeg raug tsim txom yuav tuag tag nrho.

Novichok tshuaj lom tshwm sim li cas?

Kaum ob ntawm txoj kev sib txawv Phau Ntawv ntawm Toxicology ntawm Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kev Ua Tsov Rog. Feem ntau, cov paj hlwb nkag mus rau hauv lub cev raws li cov pa roj thaum nqus tau. Tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau hauv ib txoj kev sib txawv: piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kua - nqos, tau txais ntawm daim tawv nqaij los yog mucous daim nyias nyias, txhaj rau hauv cov ntshav.

Raws li tus tsim tawm tshuaj lom "Novichok" liam Russia ntawm lom Skripal Vil Mirzayanov, tsuas yog 2 grams ntawm "Novichok" yog txaus los tua 500 tus neeg.

Ib tug neeg xav li cas thaum lom los ntawm Novichok?

Mob hnyav. Nws yog tshwm sim los ntawm cramps thiab nruj microspasms ntawm cov leeg. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg tsis tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, nws yuav sai sai tsis nco qab.

Puas muaj tshuaj tua kab mob rau Novichok?

Yog lawm. Raws li txoj cai, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlab ntsha-tus tuag tes tuag taw cov tshuaj xws li "Novichok" yog nres los ntawm cov tshuaj uas pib lub active zus tau tej cov cholinesterase nyob rau hauv lub cev kom lub enzyme sai txo cov theem ntawm acetylcholine. Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov leeg nqaij thiab lawv qhov tsis muaj zog.

Tus neeg raug tshuaj lom "Novichok" puas tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob thiab rov zoo?

Nws nyob ntawm seb hom tshuaj siv, nws npaum li cas thiab tus nqi uas tau nkag mus rau hauv lub cev. Hmoov tsis zoo, kev rov qab los tsis yog ib txwm ua tau.

Piv txwv li, ib qho ntawm thawj qhov xwm txheej ntawm Novichok lom tshwm sim 'Nws tau txais kuv': kev tuag kho siab ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Soviet lom los ntawm novichok nrog Soviet chemist Andrei Zheleznyakov. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua qhov kev sim ntawm A-232 hauv chav kuaj ntawm GosNIIOKhT hauv Moscow, thaum lub sijhawm qee cov khoom nkag mus rau hauv huab cua. Zheleznyakov yuav luag tam sim ntawd hnov cov tsos mob ntawm kev lom thiab sai sai fainted.

Txawm hais tias qhov pib kho sai sai, tus kws kho mob tau txais kev nco qab tsuas yog tom qab ob peb hnub. Tab sis nws yeej tsis rov zoo li qub: nws ob txhais ceg pib ua tsis tiav, nws txhais caj npab tsis muaj zog, tom qab ntawd mob siab mob siab thiab mob siab rau lub siab, mob vwm, thiab mob hlwb tsim. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau tuag tsib xyoos tom qab qhov xwm txheej.

Rov qab nyob rau hauv 1992, Vil Mirzayanov hu ua Lavxias teb sab whistleblower Vil Mirzayanov lom los ntawm "Novichok" xyaum incurable. Thiab txawm hais tias ib tug neeg tswj kom muaj sia nyob, nws feem ntau yuav nyob tsis taus.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lom neeg yuav kav mus txog kaum thiab kaum xyoo. Txawm hais tias ib qho me me ntawm cov khoom nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, "Newbie" yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas nws thiaj txaus ntshai? …

Vil Mirzayanov tus tsim tawm ntawm "Novice", nyob rau hauv kev tawm tswv yim rau BBC

Tab sis dua, peb rov hais dua: ntau nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj lom thiab nws cov koob tshuaj. Txij li thaum nws tsis meej nrog qhov no yuav ua li cas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lom los ntawm Novichok yuav txhim kho nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kwv yees.