10 qhov kev xav tsis zoo txog tebchaws Iziv thaum ub uas cov neeg kawm paub txaj muag los ntseeg

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Peb qhia qhov tseeb nthuav thiab debunk myths xwb txog thaj av ntawm cov pharaohs.

1. Cov kws tshawb fawb uas nkag mus rau hauv lub pyramid yeej tuag ntawm kev foom phem

Thaum tag nrho cov necropolis nrog 59 sarcophagi tau pom nyob rau lwm hnub hauv tebchaws Iziv, Is Taws Nem tau sau nrog cov lus zoo li: Tsis txhob kov! faus nws rov qab!”Vim nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai nrov, mummies yog txuam nrog kev foom phem phem uas tua tag nrho cov pharaohs uas cuam tshuam kev pw tsaug zog, kab mob thiab lwm yam kev rau txim ncaj qha los ntawm lub ntiajteb sab hauv.

Cov neeg Egyptian mummies tau txais lub koob npe nrov tom qab Askiv, Egyptologist Howard Carter thiab tus sau George Carnarvon, thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 6, 1922, nrhiav pom lub qhov ntxa ntawm Tutankhamun tom qab rau xyoo ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav. Tom qab qhib lub tsev teev ntuj, cov tswv cuab ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm - raws li ntau yam kev kwv yees los ntawm 13 txog 22 tus neeg, suav nrog Tswv Carnarvon - tuag ib zaug. Cov ntawv xov xwm trumpeted qhov no rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no: kev foom phem ntawm tus vaj ntxwv rau txim rau cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees uas defiled nws qhov chaw nkaum kawg!

Muaj tseeb tiag, yog tias koj saib cov npe ntawm cov neeg tuag, koj yuav pom tias ntau tus ntawm lawv muaj hnub nyoog laus heev: lawv lub neej nyob nruab nrab yog 74.4 xyoo. Ntxiv mus, Howard Carter, uas yog tus thawj coj ntawm kev khawb av, tuag kawg, xyoo 1939 thaum muaj hnub nyoog 64 xyoos, los ntawm lymphoma - tsis muaj kab txawv txawv, tsis muaj kab mob thaum ub, tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li ntawd.

Thiab yog lawm, cov neeg Iyiv tsis tau xa cov lus foom phem rau cov neeg uas twv kom cuam tshuam cov mummies ntawm cov vaj ntxwv. Lawv tsuas tsis muaj lub tswv yim ntawm "kev foom".

Raws li qhov kawg, tej yam tau sau rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm tus ntsuj plig: "Thov kom tus vaj tswv Hemen tsis txhob txais ib qho khoom plig los ntawm ib tus thawj coj uas yuav ua phem lossis ua phem rau lub hleb no, thiab cia nws cov xeeb ntxwv tsis tau txais dab tsi los ntawm nws." Lossis “Txhua tus neeg uas nkag mus hauv kuv lub ntxa yuav raug txiav txim, thiab lawv yuav tiav. Kuv yuav tuav tus tub sab caj dab zoo li noog. Kuv yuav ua rau nws ntshai kuv.” Tsis pab ntau tiv thaiv tub sab, puas yog?

2. "Phau Ntawv Tuag" - phau ntawv qhia rau Egyptian necromancy

Tsis zoo li cov ominous version ntawm Necronomicon featured nyob rau hauv lub Mummy (lub ntim yog heev txaus ntshai nws yuav tsum tau xauv), lub tiag tiag Phau Ntawv ntawm Tuag yog ib tug sau ntawm funerary chants thiab mummy ua cov lus qhia.

Nws kuj qhia tau hais tias tus neeg tuag yuav tsum coj li cas hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov neeg tuag, kom cov vajtswv Anubis, Osiris thiab Maat txhawb nqa nws, thiab yuav ua li cas kom ncav cuag qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov vajtswv kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab zoo, tsis txhob muaj kev phom sij hauv ntiaj teb. Yog li ntawd, phau ntawv no kuj hu ua "Phau Ntawv Hnub Tuaj" lossis "Phau Ntawv Tshaj Tawm."

Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum kuj muaj cov lus qhia txog kev coj cwj pwm coj los ua kom cov vaj tswv muaj kev zoo siab. Yog li ntawd nws kuj yog ib daim ntawv teev kev coj ncaj ncees precepts. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, tsis muaj kev sau ntawv rau reviving mummies thiab xa lus foom.

3. Tsuas yog vajntxwv thiab cov nomtswv xwb thiaj raug suav daws

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub meej mom ntawm kev ua ib tug mummy, walled nyob rau hauv ib tug sarcophagus, tsuas yog muab tsub rau cov vajntxwv Iyiv, feem ntau rau lawv entourage. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog txhua qhov teeb meem.

Nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt, nws tau ntseeg hais tias mummifying ib tug neeg txhais tau tias kom nws txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm Ialu (ib yam dab tsi zoo li ib tug Iyiv lub vaj kaj siab), qhov uas nws siv tau txhua yam uas tau muab tso rau hauv nws lub qhov ntxa thaum nws faus. Tias yog vim li cas cov vaj ntxwv thiaj li muaj cov khib nyiab kim heev ntawm ib sab ntawm lub sarcophagi - lawv xav nyob ntawd ntawm qhov loj.

Tab sis tsis yog tsuas yog vaj ntxwv thiab cov nom tswv tau mummified, tab sis feem ntau txhua tus neeg uas tsawg kawg tau cia siab rau kev yug dua tshiab. Tshwj tsis yog cov neeg pluag, es tsis txhob tsim lub pyramid thiab pob zeb sarcophagi, xaiv cov faus neeg yooj yim thiab cov thawv ntoo.

Muaj peb txoj kev mummification - lawv tau piav qhia los ntawm Herodotus. Thawj yog hu ua "qhov zoo tshaj plaws" - nws tau npaj rau kev hwm tus tswv zoo li cov pharaohs. Txhua lub cev raug tshem tawm thiab muab tso rau hauv cov hlab ntsha tshwj xeeb (canopes), lub hlwb raug rub tawm los ntawm lub qhov ntswg nrog hooks, thiab lub cev raug kho nrog xibtes caw, infusion ntawm crushed aromatic tshuaj ntsuab thiab txuj lom, nrog rau myrrh thiab cassia, thiab muab tso rau hauv. ntsev rau 70 hnub. Kev lom zem kim rau cov nplua nuj.

Txoj kev thib ob yog pheej yig dua, rau cov neeg nruab nrab. Cov roj tau los ntawm tsob ntoo cedar tau txhaj nrog ib lub koob txhaj tshuaj rau hauv lub plab kab noj hniav ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej mummy. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob tawg, siv lub qhov quav ntsaws. Cov kabmob tsis tas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm: cov roj coj mus rau lawv liquefaction yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam sab nraud, thiab tib lub sijhawm tua kab mob hauv plab. Thaum lub cev matured, lub plug raug tshem tawm, thiab cov insides ntws tawm los ntawm lub qhov quav. Ces tus tuag kuj muab tso rau hauv ntsev rau 70 hnub.

Thiab txoj kev thib peb yog kev siv nyiaj txiag. Ib qho tshuaj tshwj xeeb tau txhaj rau hauv cov hnyuv kom tua cov kab mob nyob ntawd thiab tsis txhob decomposition. Thiab lawv tam sim ntawd xa lub cev mus rau ntsev - pheej yig thiab npau taws.

Tsis tas li ntawd, Herodotus hais tias nws tsis yog kev cai kom muab cov neeg tuag tam sim ntawd rau cov embalmers. Yuav kom zam tau ntau yam xwm txheej.

Lub cev ntawm cov poj niam ntawm cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe tsis tau muab rau embalmed tam sim ntawd tom qab lawv tuag, ib yam li lub cev ntawm cov poj niam zoo nkauj thiab feem ntau hwm. Lawv tsuas kis tau tom qab peb lossis plaub hnub. Qhov no yog ua kom cov embalmers tsis copulate nrog lawv.

Herodotus "History", 2:89

Rau lub tuam txhab nrog tus neeg tuag, nws tus hlub miv, dev, noog los yog ib tug crocodile tag nrho yuav embalmed.

4. Cov pharaohs thiab cov pov thawj - tanned ib nrab-liab qab ncaws pob

Yog tias koj saib ib qho yeeb yaj kiab hais txog Ancient Egypt, koj yuav pom tias cov pharaohs thiab lawv cov nom tswv tau ua li cas hauv kev coj noj coj ua niaj hnub no. Txhua yam yog zoo li ntawm kev xaiv: zoo nkauj, cov leeg thiab haum rau cov tub ntxhais hluas nrog cov tawv nqaij tsaus, ci nrog roj. Thiab cov poj huab tais phim lawv - tawv nqaij tawv dub-hais plaub hau thiab qhov muag tsaus nti zoo nkauj.

Tab sis qhov tseeb, cov vaj ntxwv Iyiv thiab lawv cov entourage - tsawg kawg yog ntau ntawm lawv - tsis yog txhua tus txaus nyiam.

Pharaohs cov zaub mov muaj feem ntau ntawm npias, cawv, nqaij, qhob cij thiab zib ntab thiab yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv qab zib. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm mummies qhia tias ntau tus thawj coj hauv tebchaws Iziv tau rog dhau, muaj ntshav qab zib, thiab feem ntau tsis yog cov neeg noj qab haus huv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev rog yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev khav theeb, tsis txaj muag.

Qee lub sij hawm cov neeg ua haujlwm siab hauv tebchaws Iyiv tau piav qhia nrog cov rog rog: qhov no tau suav tias yog ib qho kev ua tiav, vim tias cov neeg no tuaj yeem noj ntau thiab tsis koom nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev.

Teresa Moore Orientalist ntawm University of California, Berkeley

Piv txwv li, tus poj huab tais Hatshepsut nto moo. Cov pej thuam depict nws raws li ib tug graceful thiab slender hluas nkauj zoo nkauj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tuag thaum ib tug poj niam muaj hnub nyoog 50 xyoo, raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov plaub hau poob, rog hnyav, ntshav qab zib thiab cov hniav lwj. Tab sis nrog ib tug gothic dub manicure.

5. Cov neeg Iyiv haus luam yeeb ua ntej kev tshawb pom ntawm Asmeskas

Raws li koj paub, kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 16th haus luam yeeb tsuas yog loj hlob hauv North thiab South America, ib yam li coca. Txawm li cas los xij, koj tuaj yeem pom ob peb qhov tseeb nthuav dav hauv Internet.

Nyob rau hauv 1976, paleobotanist Michel Lescaut nrhiav tau hais tias nicotine nyob rau hauv lub plab mog ntawm Ramses II mummy. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1992, tus kws kho mob toxicologist Svetlana Balabanova liam tias pom cov kab mob yeeb dawb, hashish thiab nicotine ntawm cov plaub hau ntawm cov pov thawj Henuttaui, thiab ntau lwm yam mummies los ntawm tib lub tsev khaws puav pheej.

Pom tau tias, cov neeg Iyiv tau tshawb pom Asmeskas txog 2,800 xyoo ua ntej kev caij nkoj ntawm Columbus. Los tsis?

Cov neeg Iyiv yeej tau koom nrog kev thauj mus los, tab sis lawv tsis tau mus xyuas Asmeskas - lawv tau caij nkoj ntau dua nrog Nile thiab tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Africa. Kev tshawb fawb dua, Henuttaui's mummies tsis pom muaj yeeb tshuaj yeeb lossis hashish hauv nws, yog li qhov "nrhiav" no yog qhov yuam kev lossis dag.

Tab sis muaj tseeb nicotine hauv mummies. Thaj, nws tau mus rau hauv lawv thaum embalming. Cov neeg Iyiv paub thiab siv cov nroj tsuag xws li Indian ginseng thiab aromatic celery - lawv kuj muaj nicotine, txawm tias tsis muaj ntau npaum li luam yeeb.

Yog li ntawd tsis yog, cov neeg Iyiv tsis haus luam yeeb. Tab sis lawv haus ntau, ntau npias. Thiab lawv tau tuav kev cai dab qhuas kev cai dab qhuas thiab festivals nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Bastet, Hator thiab Sekhmet, kom qaug dej qaug cawv. Thiab lawv tsis yig los sau qhov tseeb no.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib tug fresco nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov Egyptian tombs, ib tug poj niam tau depicted ntuav los ntawm ntau libations. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txiav txim los ntawm cov ntawv sau nrog, nws tau thov rau 18 khob cawv ntxiv, vim nws lub caj pas tau "qhuav zoo li straw."

Cov kws tshawb fawb txawm tswj xyuas kom pom cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub brewer cov poov xab faus rau hauv lwm lub qhov ntxa. Lawv tau muaj txoj sia nyob, txawm tias ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los txij li thaum lawv tau muab tso rau hauv lub thawv. Lawv tau tswj hwm kev cog qoob loo thiab brew npias raws li daim ntawv qhia ua tib zoo sau los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv. Qhov tshwm sim yog lub teeb-xim, effervescent haus uas zoo li yuav luag zoo li cawv txiv hmab thiab saj zoo heev.

6. Scarabs yog qhov txaus ntshai heev

Nyob rau hauv ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, kab laum kab yog dawb huv. Nws cim lub neej tom qab kev tuag thiab kev sawv hauv qhov tuag rov qab los thiab tau txuam nrog lub Hnub. Tus vajtswv Khepri, raws li cov neeg Iyiv, dov lub hnub hla saum ntuj, zoo li nws cov kwv tij hauv ntiaj teb yob pob dung.

Hauv Mummy, scarabs tau ua tus saib xyuas ntawm qhov ntxa thaum ub. Nws yog nrog lawv tias tus neeg phem tseem ceeb raug faus ciaj sia. Kab nyob rau hauv hordes tawm tsam tib neeg thiab devoured lawv nyob rau hauv vib nas this, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb tsis kaj siab scene, tus kab nkag mus nyob rau hauv lub hero ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab yuav tsum tau txiav tawm nrog ib tug riam.

Tab sis qhov tseeb, scarabs noj cov quav ntawm nyuj thiab nees, thiab tib neeg, nrog rau tag nrho lawv lub siab nyiam, tsis tuaj yeem noj thiab txawm tias tom. Yog li cov kab no yuav tsis tev koj cov tawv nqaij tawm.

7. Cov pyramids puv nrog cov ntxiab ntse

Ntawm no yog lwm qhov nthuav dav txog cov pyramids, uas feem ntau pom hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab - lawv muaj cov ntxiab puv. Tus neeg yos hav zoov zoo li Lara Croft yog nyob rau txhua hom kev xav tsis thoob hauv lub qhov ntxa ntawm vaj ntxwv. Piv txwv li, lub zog sulfuric acid tau txau rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, lub qab nthab lossis hauv pem teb, cov chav dej nyab xeeb, lossis cov ntoo khaub lig zais hauv cov phab ntsa uas tua hmuv.

Muaj tseeb tiag, qhov tseeb, txawm tias muaj pes tsawg tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los khawb lub qhov ntxa, lawv tsis pom dab tsi zoo li nws nyob ntawd.

Tsis muaj ntxiab, tsis muaj pits nrog nab, kab laug sab, khej thiab txiv neej noj scarabs (xws li yog hais tias lawv ciaj sia nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov ntxa rau ntau txhiab xyoo), tsis muaj bursting ceg txheem ntseeg thiab ya xub (crossbows tseem tsis tau invented), los yog lwm yam Hollywood gizmos.

Cov neeg Iyiv tsuas yog bricked li lub pyramid nrog pob zeb, thiab yog li ntawd. Thiab qee zaum lawv tau ua lwm yam, cuav, ntawm ib sab ntawm lub faus neeg tiag tiag, uas zoo li nws twb raug ransacked lawm. Tus tub sab tsis muaj hmoo tau xav tias ib tug neeg tau nqa lub pyramid mus rau nws, thiab tawm mus tsis tu ncua. Qhov ntawd yog tag nrho kev ruaj ntseg system.

8. Lub qhov ntswg ntawm sphinx raug tua los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Napoleon

Yog tias koj saib ntawm Sphinx, tus pej thuam pob zeb nrog lub cev ntawm tsov ntxhuav thiab tib neeg lub taub hau, koj yuav pom tias nws tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub qhov ntswg. Muaj cov lus dab neeg nrov hais tias Napoleon cov tub rog thaum lub sijhawm Fabkis txoj kev sib tw hauv tebchaws Iziv siv lub monument ua lub hom phiaj rau kev cob qhia hluav taws thiab tua nws lub qhov ntswg. Lwm version: lub qhov ntswg raug ntaus tawm nrog ib tug cannonball thaum lub sij hawm tua nrog cov Turks.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li lub tsheb kauj vab: lub qhov ntswg poob ntau dhau lawm. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom hais raws nraim thaum twg, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm Norden, 1755 los ntawm Danish neeg mus ncig tebchaws Louis Norden, ua nyob rau hauv 1755, lub Sphinx twb ntes tsis tau nws. Napoleon yug hauv 1769, yog li nws yeej tawm ntawm kev lag luam.

9. Poj huab tais Cleopatra yog ib tug neeg Iyiv zoo nkauj

Yog hais tias koj nug ib tug neeg uas yog tus poj niam Iyiv nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, lub npe ntawm Cleopatra yuav muaj npe. Nws yog tus poj huab tais kawg ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, nto moo rau nws txoj kev zoo nkauj, thiab nws cov duab tuaj yeem xav tau yooj yim los ntawm txhua tus neeg uas tau pom zaj duab xis txog Asterix thiab Obelix.

Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb duab.

Cleopatra tsis yog neeg Iyiv - nws yog Greek los ntawm Ptolemaic dynasty thiab kav tebchaws Iziv thaum kawg ntawm nws lub sijhawm Hellenistic.

Raws li kev zoo nkauj dazzling, Cleopatra tau pleev xim los ntawm Plutarch, uas pom nws tsuas yog hauv cov duab. Lub busts uas tau sculpted los ntawm nws qhia tau hais tias nws muaj ib tug zoo tib yam tsos thiab ib tug crooked qhov ntswg ib yam ntawm cov tsev neeg Ptolemaic. Tab sis nws hais tau ntau yam lus thiab ntxim nyiam heev.

Thiab yog, qhov no bust, uas yog feem ntau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov lus hais txog Cleopatra lub neej nyob rau hauv Internet, tsis depict nws. Qhov no yog poj huab tais Nefertiti, thiab lawv tau sib cais los ntawm ntau tshaj ib txhiab xyoo.

10. Cov pyramids tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws

Cov neeg Iyiv tsis tau siv cov txuj ci txawv txawv uas tsis sib haum rau lawv lub sijhawm. Yuav kom tsim tau cov hulks, lawv muaj txaus limestone quarries, chisels thiab picks ua los ntawm tooj liab thiab flint, raws li zoo raws li quartz xuab zeb rau polishing tiav lawm blocks.

Qhov hnyav ntawm cov pob zeb los ntawm cov pyramids yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm 1, 5-2, 5 tons, thiab thauj lawv los ntawm cov chaw txua txiag zeb mus rau qhov chaw tsim kho yog qhov ua tau zoo. Cov neeg Iyiv muaj txoj kev zoo thiab ntoo rub rau qhov no. Yog li ntawd lawv tsis xav tau ya saucers.

Ob peb qhov tseeb ntxiv txog cov pyramids: lawv tau tsim tsis yog los ntawm qhev, tab sis los ntawm cov pej xeem dawb rau tus nqi. Yog lawv tsis tau, ces lawv txawm tawm tsam, ces vajntxwv yuav tsum tawm mus. Thiab cov pyramids tsim tshiab tsis yog daj nrog cov xuab zeb zoo li tam sim no. Lawv yog cov dawb los yog cream, raws li peb twb tau sau txog.