Puas tsim nyog them rau lwm txoj kev kawm preschool

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Dab tsi koj yuav tsum paub yog tias lub tsev kawm qib kindergarten tsis txhawb kev ntseeg siab.

Muaj peb txoj kev kawm preschool hauv tebchaws Russia: Montessori, Reggio Emilia thiab Waldorf. Lawv kawm lawv hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ntiav, feem ntau nyob hauv nroog loj. Lub hom phiaj yog los xyuas kom meej qhov kev loj hlob ntawm tus me nyuam.

Hauv txhua qib kindergarten, cov kws qhia ntawv muaj kev ntseeg siab tias lawv txoj hauv kev yog qhov xav tau tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj leej twg tseem tau ua tiav hauv kev tsim cov txheej txheem zoo tagnrho.

Maria Montessori system

Cov txheej txheem kev kawm no yog tsim los ntawm Italian kws kho mob thiab kws qhia Maria Montessori thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Thaum xub thawj nws tau siv rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev tsis taus, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tau hloov kho rau cov neeg noj qab haus huv. Cov chav kawm Montessori tuaj yeem pom hauv ntau lub tebchaws, suav nrog Russia.

Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kawm preschool

1. Lub kaw lus yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus "pab kuv ua nws tus kheej". Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tus xib fwb yuav tsum tsis txhob qhia tus menyuam, tab sis pab nws ua nws tus kheej qhov nws nyiam.
2. Montessori tau tsim cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom siv rau cov chav kawm. Lawv pab txhawb lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thib ob ntawm lub cev - "kev kawm los ntawm kev tshawb pom", thaum tus menyuam loj hlob nws tus kheej los ntawm kev ua si ntawm nws tus kheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev kho tus kheej yog muab tso rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv: tus menyuam pom thiab kho nws qhov kev ua yuam kev ntawm nws tus kheej, thiab tsis tos tus neeg laus.
3. Kev saib xyuas zoo yog them rau qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig. Txhua yam yuav tsum ua haujlwm zoo, zoo nkauj, siv tau rau menyuam yaus thiab ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim.
4. Cov chav kawm tau muab faib ua cov cheeb tsam thematic: thaj chaw lub neej tiag tiag, thaj chaw pom kev loj hlob, lej, lus thiab thaj chaw. Txhua qhov yog nruab nrog Montessori cov ntaub ntawv tsim tshwj xeeb rau nws.
5. Cov menyuam yaus ua haujlwm nyob qhov twg nws yooj yim rau lawv. Lawv tuaj yeem zaum ntawm cov ntaub pua tsev los yog ntawm cov rooj.
6. Cov chav kawm muaj cov menyuam uas muaj hnub nyoog sib txawv. Qhov no yog ua kom lawv tsis sib tw, tab sis sib pab thiab dhau ntawm kev paub dhau los.

Disadvantages ntawm kev kawm preschool system

1. Tus kws qhia ntawv hauv Montessori system tsis suav tias yog lub ntsiab, thiab cov menyuam yaus ua raws li lawv xav tau. Nws ntseeg tau tias cov menyuam yaus hauv cov chav kawm no nyuaj rau kev hloov mus rau kev qhuab qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj.
2. Cov chav kawm Montessori tsis tsom rau kev txhim kho kev xav thiab kev muaj tswv yim. Lawv tsis ua si ntawm no, lawv tsis nyeem cov dab neeg, tsis kos lossis hu nkauj. Hloov chaw, cov menyuam yaus txhim kho qee yam kev txawj ntse, piv txwv li, suav, kev txawj tsav tsheb, thiab lus.
3. Cov me nyuam kawm cov ntaub ntawv ib tus zuj zus, qee zaus xav tau kev pab los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv. Vim li no, tus menyuam yuav poob qab hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib raug zoo, tsis muaj peev xwm sib txuas lus nrog lwm tus menyuam.
4. Tsis muaj kev tshaj tawm cov txheej txheem, kev txhim kho kev ntsuas, kev sim.

Rudolf Steiner System (Waldorf)

Cov txheej txheem yog tsim los ntawm Austrian philosopher, kws qhia ntawv thiab mystic Rudolf Steiner. Thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv tau qhib rau xyoo 1919. Cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Waldorf Astoria cov chaw luam yeeb tau kawm nyob ntawd. Li no lub npe thib ob ntawm lub system.

Niaj hnub no Steiner cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv qib kindergartens tau lees paub los ntawm International Forum of Waldorf-Steiner Schools (Lub Hague Circle), Pedagogical Section ntawm Goetheanum Free School of Humanities thiab Cov phooj ywg ntawm Waldorf Education.

Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kawm preschool

1. Lub hauv paus ntawm Waldorf kev kawm yog anthroposophy. Qhov no yog kev ntseeg thiab kev qhia paub tsis meej uas tsim los ntawm Rudolf Steiner hauv xyoo 1912. Cov kev cai tseem ceeb: qhov kev xav ntawm lub trinity ntawm tus txiv neej (Spirit, Soul thiab Lub Cev), nws plaub lub ntsiab lus (lub cev lub cev, lub cev etheric, lub cev astral, kuv) thiab cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm temperaments (melancholic, phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine).
2. Waldorf system txaus siab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus sib haum xeeb. Txhua tus me nyuam yog ib tug neeg thiab yuav tsum loj hlob raws li lawv lub peev xwm thiab kev nyiam.
3. Eurythmy seev cev tau qhia ntawm no. Cov menyuam yaus txav mus rau suab paj nruag, thaum hu nkauj lossis hais paj huam.
4. Kev saib xyuas zoo yog them rau kev siv tes ua haujlwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav. Cov me nyuam kawm embroider, knit, pleev xim, sculpting, ua hauj lwm ntawm lub potter lub log, qee zaum ntawm ib lub loom.
5. Ib pawg muaj cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog peb thiab ib nrab mus rau xya xyoo. Yog li ntawd, cov me nyuam yaus kawm cov txuj ci yooj yim sai dua, thiab cov laus dhau los ntawm kev paub.
6. Hnub so feem ntau ua kev zoo siab rau ntawm qhov loj hauv Waldorf kindergarten. Hnub yug tau txais txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb.
7. Raws li nyob rau hauv ib lub vaj zoo tib yam, hnub nyob rau hauv lub vaj Waldorf yog teem los ntawm feeb.

Disadvantages ntawm kev kawm preschool system

1. Lub Waldorf system muaj qhov sib sib zog nqus occult thiab kev cai dab qhuas cov hauv paus hniav, uas yog vim li cas ib txhia xav txog nws sectarian.
2. Cov menyuam yaus tsis tshua npaj nkag mus kawm ntawv tsis tu ncua. Lawv tsis kawm nyeem, sau ntawv, lej nrog lawv.
3. Txhua yam khoom ua si yog tsim los ntawm tes los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj: ntoo, ntaub, xov. Cov menyuam roj hmab zoo tib yam, tsheb thiab cov neeg tsim khoom tsis siv thiab raug txwv. Txawm nyob hauv tsev.
4. Thawj ob peb lub hlis, tus menyuam mus txog lub sijhawm hloov pauv. Lub sijhawm no, nws yuav tsum tuaj rau hauv chav kawm nrog tus neeg nrog - niam, txiv lossis lwm tus.
5. Tsis muaj kev tshaj tawm xov xwm, cov ntsuas kev txhim kho. Koj tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam txoj kev loj hlob tsuas yog saib nws cov khoom siv tes ua.

Reggio Emilia system

Cov txheej txheem no tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm tib lub npe nyob rau sab qaum teb Ltalis hauv 1940s. Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, cov tsev kawm ntawv tau qhib rau ntawm no, uas cov tub ntxhais kawm preschool tau coj los ua raws li tus qauv tsim los ntawm tus kws qhia Loris Malaguzzi. Nws tso siab rau cov tswv yim ntawm Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, Maria Montessori. Reggio pedagogy tseem nrov hauv ntau lub tebchaws.

Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kawm preschool

1. Malaguzzi ntseeg hais tias tus me nyuam tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog ntau pua "lus" uas pab nws qhia nws tus kheej. Tus neeg laus lub luag haujlwm yog los pab tus menyuam hais lus thiab qhia nws kom siv cov lus cim ntawm tus kheej qhia: duab, duab puab, kos duab ua yeeb yam.
2. Malaguzzi xav qhia ib tus neeg nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab kev ncaj ncees hauv zej zog. Yog li ntawd, raws li Reggio pedagogy, tus menyuam yuav tsum xav zoo li ib feem ntawm pab pawg thiab koom nrog txhua yam ntawm kev sib npaug nrog cov neeg laus. Ib tug me nyuam tsim nyog hwm ib yam li lwm tus.
3. Raws li nyob rau hauv Montessori system, kev saib xyuas zoo yog them rau cov khoom siv ntawm qhov chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev cob qhia muaj tswv yim. Muaj ntau yam khoom siv rau kev tsim, nrog rau cov khoom ntuj tsim: xim, xaum, crayons, ntawv, toothpicks, nyees khawm, plhaub, twigs, pebbles.
4. Hauv chav kawm, txhua tus menyuam yaus koom nrog nws txoj haujlwm ntawm txhua lub ncauj lus. Ua haujlwm rau nws tuaj yeem kav ntev npaum li koj nyiam, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov txheej txheem.
5. Cov phab ntsa ntawm Reggio Gardens yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov me nyuam tej hauj lwm, duab thiab sau ntawv. Cov no yog cov hu ua "hais phab ntsa". Lawv pab kom txhua tus paub txog cov haujlwm tam sim no, cov tswv yim, kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus.
6. "Piazza" (Italian - "square") yog qhov chaw hauv kindergarten uas cov menyuam yaus thiab cov laus tham txog lawv lub tswv yim. "Chaw ntsiag to" yog qhov chaw uas koj tuaj yeem so. Pw tsaug zog hauv Reggio Garden yog xaiv tau.

Disadvantages ntawm kev kawm preschool system

1. Raws li nyob rau hauv Montessori system, tus kws qhia Reggio tsis suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab hauv chav kawm. Nws tsuas saib thiab tswj, koj tuaj yeem sib cav nrog nws. Nws ntseeg tau tias cov menyuam yaus hauv cov chav kawm no nyuaj rau kev kho kom haum rau kev qhuab qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj.
2. Tsis muaj kev tshaj tawm cov txheej txheem, cov ntsuas kev txhim kho, kev xeem. Cov menyuam yaus tsuas yog ua qhov lawv xav tau, cov txiaj ntsig tau tshwm sim hauv txhua yam khoom siv tes ua.

Kuv yuav tsum xa kuv tus menyuam mus rau lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv qib kindergarten

Yog tias cov tsev kawm qib kindergarten tsis txhawb kev ntseeg siab rau koj thiab koj muaj nyiaj txaus los them rau cov chav kawm ntiag tug, yog vim li cas ho tsis. Tab sis ua ntej xaiv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv, mus ntsib cov kws qhia ntawv thiab mus koom cov chav kawm qhib. Qhov no yuav pab koj nkag siab tias qhov no lossis qhov kev kawm zoo li cas rau koj.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj leej twg cog lus tias tus menyuam yuav tawm hauv lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv qib kindergarten nrog kev noj qab nyob zoo thiab npaj rau tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov no ib txwm nyob ntawm lub siab ntawm cov niam txiv. Txhua qhov kev kawm muaj qhov tsis zoo, thiab kev thuam uas tsim nyog ntawm cov xovxwm tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov tsev kawm them nyiaj.