Dab tsi tau hloov pauv hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm cloning txij li hnub ntawm Dolly cov yaj

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, qhov no yuav tso cai hloov cov hlwb puas, tab sis qhov teeb meem kev coj ncaj ncees tseem qhib.

Cloning yog dab tsi?

Cloning Cloning yog tsim los ntawm cov ntawv luam zoo tib yam ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob lossis lawv cov khoom tawg. Cov khoom siv lom neeg sib txawv tuaj yeem ua tau cloned: ib leeg hlwb, cov ntaub so ntswg, kabmob thiab tag nrho cov kabmob.

Dab tsi yog hom cloning?

Molecular cloning

Siv txoj kev no, cov kws tshawb fawb cais cov noob ntawm kev txaus siab nrog Gene Cloning, ntxig rau hauv plasmid - cov kab mob DNA molecule, thiab tom qab ntawd tsim cov pej xeem ntawm cov kab mob no. Nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev sim, koj tuaj yeem nres qhov ntawd lossis tso cov plasmids uas tshwm sim rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu.

Qhov no yog li cas cov kab mob hloov pauv tau muab los ntawm: cov nroj tsuag uas tiv taus cov kab tsuag, tsiaj uas tiv thaiv kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog kev pab ntawm thev naus laus zis, cov kab mob tau kawm thiab tsim tshuaj.

Kev kho mob cloning

Cov kws tshawb fawb loj hlob ib qho clone embryo nyob rau hauv lub raj kuaj, tab sis tsis txhob cia nws mus rau hauv ib tug tag nrho-fledged kab mob. Ua li no, lub cell somatic yog muab los ntawm ib tug tsiaj los yog ib tug neeg - ib tug cell ntawm lub cev uas tsis koom nrog kev sib deev kev sib deev, thiab ib tug nucleus raug tshem tawm ntawm nws. Lawv kuj noj qe los ntawm lwm tus neeg ntawm tib hom thiab tshem tawm cov nucleus.

Tom qab ntawd cov nucleus tau muab tso rau hauv lub qe uas tsis yog-nuclear thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib yog pib. Thaum lub cell hloov mus rau hauv blastocyte - lub vesicle nrog embryonic qia hlwb nyob rau hauv, kev loj hlob yog nres.

Stem cells (progenitor cells) uas tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab tias cov hlwb twg tig mus ua dab tsi. Lawv yog siv los ntawm Tissue engineering, stem cells, cloning, and parthenogenesis: new paradigms for therapy for trials, piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom tshawb nrhiav kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob los yog sim cog cov kab mob thiab cov ntaub so ntswg uas tuaj yeem cog los hloov cov khoom puas.

Kev loj hlob cloning

Hom kab no tso cai rau Cloning los tsim ib daim ntawv luam ntawm cov tsiaj txhu zoo tib yam. Cov txheej txheem yog tib yam li hauv kev kho mob cloning, tsuas yog kev loj hlob ntawm lub embryo tsis cuam tshuam rau theem blastocyte. Es tsis txhob, nws yog cog rau hauv lub tsev menyuam ntawm ib tug neeg ntawm tib hom, qhov twg lub embryo loj hlob mus rau hauv ib tug tag nrho-fledged kab mob.

Cov tsiaj twg twb tau cloned?

Dolly yog lub npe nrov tshaj plaws clone, tab sis deb ntawm thawj. Keeb kwm ntawm cloning pib ib puas xyoo ua ntej yug yaj.

Hauv xyoo 1885, Hans Dresch tau faib ob lub celled hiav txwv urchin embryo thiab tsim ob tus menyuam ntxaib zoo ib yam. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1902, Hans Spemann tau siv cov plaub hau los faib cov salamander embryo thiab tau txais ob lub clones.

Kev sim nrog kev hloov ntawm cov nucleus rau hauv lub qe pib 50 xyoo tom qab. Ua ntej, nws tig tawm mus ntxig lub nucleus ntawm lub embryonic cell mus rau hauv lub qe qe khoob, thiab tom qab me ntsis - kom loj hlob ib tug tadpole los ntawm qav plab hnyuv cell.

Tom qab ntawd los ntawm cov tsiaj txhu. Xyoo 1984, Steen Villadsen tau tso Keeb Kwm ntawm Cloning lub nucleus ntawm yaj embryo rau hauv lub qe tsis muaj nuclear. Tus niam-yug surrogate nqa peb clones-lambs. Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev - los ntawm embryonic hlwb - qaib, yaj thiab nyuj tau ua tiav cloned.

Thaum kawg, xyoo 1996, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Rosslyn lub koom haum hauv Scotland tau tsim thawj clone los ntawm udder tawb ntawm ib tug yaj muaj rau xyoo. Tom qab 276 qhov kev sim, qhov kev sim ua tiav, thiab Dolly cov yaj tau yug los.

Tom qab Dolly, ntau tus tsiaj tau cloned siv cov cuab yeej no: nyuj, miv, mos lwj, dev, nees, mule, nyuj, npua, luav, nas thiab nas, tshis, hma.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim clone liab, tab sis nws hloov tawm tsis yooj yim li. Tsuas yog 10 xyoo tom qab Dolly, rhesus liab qia hlwb tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub raj kuaj, thiab tib tus naj npawb ntawm cov nyob clones raug tsim. Xyoo 2018, kev sim los ntawm Suav cov kws tshawb fawb tau xaus nrog kev tsim Cloning ntawm Macaque Monkeys los ntawm Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer los ntawm ob tus macaques ntev: Zong Zong thiab Hua Hua.

Puas yog clones muaj hnub nyoog sai dua?

Yog, tsawg kawg ib co. Cov kws tshawb fawb xav tias qhov no yog vim yog chromosomes. Txhua lub hlwb hauv lub cev mus dhau los ntawm Cloning cycles ntawm kev faib, thiab qhov kawg ntawm cov chromosomes - telomeres - yog luv. Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem kev laus.

Dolly's chromosomes luv dua cov menyuam yaus ib xyoos, thiab nws nyob ib nrab ntawm lub neej ntawm cov yaj: 6 xyoo tsis yog 12.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus clones muaj telomeres. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv nyuj, dev thiab nas, telomeres ntawm clones tsis tsawg, thiab tej zaum txawm ntau tshaj, nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawm tib lub hnub nyoog, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv, lawv yuav luag ib txwm luv luv.

Kev laus ntxov ntxov tsis siv rau tshis: clones nyob 15 xyoo nteg los ntawm xwm. Cov clones - nyuj, dev thiab nas kuj muaj hmoo. Tab sis cloned yaj, npua thiab miv nyob tsawg dua. Raws li cov txheeb ze ze tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg, liab, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no. Txij li thawj cloned macaques tau yug los Cloning ntawm Macaque Monkeys los ntawm Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer tsis ntev los no, nws yog leej twg xav tias lawv yuav nyob ntev npaum li cas.

Cov tsiaj puas tuaj yeem raug cloned?

Tom qab cov yeeb yaj kiab "Jurassic Park" ntau qhov kev cia siab tias cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tuaj yeem clone ib tug dinosaur, tab sis qhov no yuav nyob mus ib txhis yog qhov kev xav. Dinosaurs tau ploj mus ntev dhau los, yog li tsis muaj cov ntaub so ntswg nrog DNA molecules sab laug - tsuas yog pob txha pob txha.

Nws zoo nkaus li muaj tseeb rau clone mammoths thiab lwm yam tsiaj ntawm Ice Age, cov seem uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub permafrost. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no, thiab qhov no yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem ua rau ntau qhov laj thawj Mammoth Sawv Rov Los: 11 Hurdles To Bringing Back a Ice Age Beast:

• Cloning yuav tsum muaj cov nucleus tsis zoo nrog cov DNA tsis zoo, thiab txawm tias nyob hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws-preserved seem, cov noob caj noob ces tau tawg mus rau ntau qhov chaw. Cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum sau cov "cov ntawv" ntawm lub genome, tsis paub qhov tseeb ib ntus thiab tsom mus rau DNA ntawm cov kwv tij tom ntej, yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem twv seb yuav tshwm sim thaum kawg.
• Yuav kom clone ib tug tsiaj, koj xav tau ib tug surrogate niam. Cov txheeb ze ze tshaj plaws ntawm mammoths yog Neeg Esxias ntxhw, yog li ntawd, tsuas yog ib tug poj niam ntawm tus tsiaj no tuaj yeem dhau los ua tus neeg pub qe thiab tus niam surrogate rau mammoth. Cov txheej txheem rau kev noj qe thiab cog rau hauv lub tsev menyuam yuav nyuaj heev, tab sis txawm tias txhua yam mus zoo, tsis yog hom ntshiab yuav yug los, tab sis hybrid ntawm mammoth thiab ntxhw.
• Cov kws tshawb fawb ntshai tias txawm tias cloning ua tiav, cov tsiaj yuav tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm caj ces txaus los tsim cov pej xeem tshiab.

Cov teeb meem zoo li no tiv thaiv qhov cloning ntawm tag nrho cov tsiaj uas ploj lawm.

Tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev puas tuaj yeem cloned?

Hauv xyoo 2013, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Oregon, coj los ntawm Shoukhrat Mitalipov, tau tswj hwm tib neeg lub cev qia hlwb muab los ntawm Somatic Cell Nuclear Hloov mus rau kev kho mob cloning ntawm tib neeg. Mitalipov thiab nws cov npoj yaig coj lub nucleus ntawm somatic cell los ntawm tus menyuam yaus uas tsis tshua muaj kab mob caj ces, muab tso rau hauv lub qe qe dawb, thiab loj hlob blastocyte nrog qia hlwb.

Xyoo 2014, siv txoj kev kho mob cloning, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav hauv kev siv Human Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Siv Cov Neeg Laus Cells tig cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov txiv neej hnub nyoog 35 thiab 75 xyoo mus rau hauv cov qia hlwb. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, progenitor hlwb yuav siv tau los loj hlob tej ntaub so ntswg thiab hloov chaw puas thiab cov kabmob.

Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev no muaj teeb meem: qia hlwb thiab qog nqaij hlav cancer zoo ib yam li Cloning. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias tom qab 60 lub voj voog ntawm kev faib tawm, cov qia hlwb tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv thiab ua rau mob qog noj ntshav.

Muaj pov thawj tias cov qia hlwb los ntawm cov kua amniotic thiab cov placenta tsis tsim cov qia hlwb tau los ntawm cov kua dej amniotic: cov peev txheej tshiab hauv cov tshuaj kho mob ntawm cov qog. Yog tias cov hlwb no tau siv los tsim cov kabmob, ntau yam teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog cloning yuav ploj mus: los ntawm cov qe pub dawb mus rau kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm kev siv tib neeg embryos.

Yuav ua li cas yog clones ntawm tag nrho cov tib neeg?

Nyob rau hauv 2002, cov tswv cuab ntawm Clonaid Raelin sect tshaj tawm rau Cloning yug ntawm thawj tib neeg cloned, tus ntxhais Eve, thiab 12 lwm clones. Txawm hais tias rov nug dua los ntawm cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshaj xov xwm, Clonaid tsis tau muab pov thawj ntawm lub neej ntawm clones.

Xyoo 2004, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Seoul National University hauv Kaus Lim Qab Teb tau tshaj tawm kev tsim cov clone ntawm tib neeg embryo. Txawm li cas los xij, pawg kws tshawb fawb ywj pheej pom tsis muaj pov thawj, thiab qhov kev tshawb fawb tau raug tshem tawm ob xyoos tom qab.

Dab tsi tiv thaiv tib neeg los ntawm cloning sib nrug ntawm thev naus laus zis?

Tib neeg kev sib deev cloning ua rau ntau qhov kev txhawj xeeb cloning. Tsis muaj leej twg paub txog dab tsi lom neeg thiab kev cuam tshuam rau cloning ntawm cov neeg uas tau nyob los yog tseem muaj. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua txhaum txoj cai ntawm tus kheej muaj nuj nqis, tib neeg txoj cai thiab kev ywj pheej.

Nws tseem tsis tau paub meej tias yuav ua li cas nrog clones, yog tias nws hloov tawm los tsim lawv: seb lawv puas tuaj yeem dhau los ua ib feem ntawm lub zej zog thiab nws yuav pom lawv li cas.

Txog thaum tag nrho cov teeb meem no tau raug daws, tib neeg kev ua me nyuam cloning raug txwv los ntawm Cloning: Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm Bioethics, Txoj Cai, Jurisprudence thiab Regenerative Issues hauv Iran hauv 70 lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb, suav nrog Russia.

Raws li Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai ntawm Lub Peb Hlis 29, 2010 N 30-FZ "Ntawm Kev Hloov Kho rau Tshooj 1 ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai" Ntawm Lub Sijhawm Txiav Txim Rau Tib Neeg Cloning", qhov kev txwv yuav nyob twj ywm mus txog thaum muaj kev cai lij choj tshwm sim tsim cov txheej txheem rau cloning kab mob nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj ntawm tib neeg cloning.