Yuav ua li cas paub qhov txawv cov ntaub ntawv scientific los ntawm speculation

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

MD piav qhia tsuas yog yuav ua li cas txaus ntshai e-luam yeeb thiab GMO cov zaub mov tiag tiag.

Nws yuav zoo li yooj yim los ua qhov muaj zog hindsight thiab ntsuas qhov ua tiav thiab kev ua tsis tiav ntawm kev tsaus ntuj yav dhau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kev pom niaj hnub no. Tab sis cia saib yuav ua li cas yog tias peb, dhau los ntawm kev paub dhau los ntawm kev ua yuam kev thiab kev ua tiav ntawm cov tiam dhau los, ntsuas qee qhov kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev tshawb pom - hais tias, e-luam yeeb, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj resins, kev kho mob autism, kev kuaj mob qog noj ntshav thiab cov kab mob hloov caj ces (GMOs.). …

1. Nws yog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv

Yog tias cov kws tshawb fawb sib txawv ua kev tshawb fawb hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv thiab nrog cov kev sib txawv, tab sis tau txais cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam, cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov tseeb. Yog tsis quav ntsej, qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem loj heev.

Nws yuav zoo li txhua yam yooj yim heev: saib cov ntaub ntawv thiab ua raws li. Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau dhau lawm.

Kwv yees li 4,000 cov ntawv luam tawm txhua hnub hauv cov ntawv kho mob thiab kev tshawb fawb. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los xav tias qhov kev tshawb fawb zoo sib txawv heev, lawv tau piav qhia los ntawm lub tswb-puab Gaussian faib nkhaus: muaj lateral "tails" - ua haujlwm zoo heev ntawm ib sab tes thiab frankly txaus ntshai rau lwm tus; tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv - ntau dua los yog tsawg haum - haum nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tis. Yuav ua li cas peb thiaj li cais cov ntaub ntawv raug los ntawm qhov tsis haum?

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, koj tuaj yeem xyuam xim rau qhov zoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm. Muaj tseeb, qhov no tsis yog ib txwm ua haujlwm txaus. Piv txwv li, nws yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tshawb fawb zoo uas cov ntaub ntawv tau tshaj tawm tias kev haus kas fes ntau dhau ua rau mob qog nqaij hlav pancreatic; MMR (measles, mumps thiab rubella) tshuaj tiv thaiv provokes autism, nuclear fusion (fusion ntawm ob lub nuclei nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog) tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm chav tsev kub hauv ib khob dej ("txias fusion"). Tag nrho cov kev soj ntsuam no tau rov qab los ntawm lwm cov kws tshawb fawb. ("Qhov teeb meem nrog lub ntiaj teb no tsis yog tias tib neeg paub tsawg dhau," Mark Twain sau, "tab sis hais tias lawv paub ntau dhau qhov tsis yog.")

Yog li yog tias tsis muaj laj thawj rau siab ntseeg cov kev soj ntsuam luam tawm hauv cov ntawv xov xwm tshawb fawb saum toj kawg nkaus, yuav ua li cas ntseeg?

Cov lus teb yog raws li nram no: kev tshawb fawb yog nyob ntawm ob tug ncej, thiab ib tug ntawm lawv yog ntau txhim khu kev qha tshaj lwm yam. Thawj tus ncej yog kev txheeb xyuas cov phooj ywg. Ua ntej tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm, nws raug tshuaj xyuas thiab tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij hauv daim teb no. Hmoov tsis zoo, muaj teeb meem ntawm no ib yam nkaus: tsis yog txhua tus kws tshaj lij muaj peev xwm sib npaug, yog li qee zaum cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug xa mus rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm. Qhov thib ob uas koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau yog qhov rov ua dua ntawm qhov kev sim. Yog tias cov kws tshawb fawb sau ib yam dab tsi tawm ntawm qhov tsis tseeb (piv txwv li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv MMR ua rau muaj kev puas hlwb), tom qab ntawd kev tshawb fawb tom qab tau lees paub cov ntaub ntawv no lossis tsis ua.

Piv txwv li, yuav luag tam sim ntawd tom qab tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv uas MMR tshuaj tiv thaiv ua rau muaj kev puas hlwb, ntau pua tus kws tshawb fawb hauv Tebchaws Europe, Canada thiab Tebchaws Meskas tau sim rov ua qhov kev sim ua pov thawj qhov no. Tsis ua hauj lwm tawm.

Tom qab ntau pua txoj kev tshawb fawb raug nqi kaum lab lab daus las thiab koom nrog ntau pua txhiab tus menyuam yaus, nws tau pom tias cov neeg uas tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tau muaj kev puas hlwb ntau dua li cov uas tsis tau. Kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag yeej.

2. Txhua yam muaj tus nqi; tib lo lus nug yog loj npaum li cas

Txawm tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kho mob nrhiav pom uas cawm tau txoj sia thiab tsim nyog tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb (piv txwv li, tshuaj tua kab mob lossis kev ntsuas kev huv) yog kim. Raws li nws tau muab tawm, tsis muaj kev zam.

Sulfanilamide, thawj cov tshuaj tua kab mob, tau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1930s. Tom qab ntawd tuaj penicillin, uas tau pib ua ntau ntau thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II. Tshuaj tua kab mob cawm peb txoj sia. Yog tsis muaj lawv, tib neeg tseem yuav tuag ib txwm los ntawm kev mob ntsws, mob meningitis, thiab lwm yam kab mob uas ua rau tuag taus. Ua tsaug rau ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj no, lub neej expectancy yog tam sim no 30 xyoo ntev dua nws yog ib puas xyoo dhau los. Tab sis dhau li ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob tshuaj tua kab mob, ib qho ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lawv txoj kev siv yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb.

Tau kaum xyoo dhau los los yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau kawm txog dab tsi hu ua microbiome - cov kab mob uas ua rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, plab hnyuv, qhov ntswg, thiab caj pas. Tsis ntev los no, cov cuab yeej tsim nyog ntawm lawv tau tshawb pom: los ntawm lawv tus lej thiab hom, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb tus neeg yuav mob ntshav qab zib, mob hawb pob, ua xua lossis rog rog. Dab tsi tseem ceeb tshaj yog tias yog tias tus me nyuam cov kab mob tau kho nrog tshuaj tua kab mob, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj nce ntxiv. Txhua yam yog qhov tseeb ntawm no: yog tias tsim nyog, koj yuav tsum tau siv tshuaj tua kab mob, tab sis yog tias koj overdo nws, koj tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj.

Cov kab hauv qab yog tias txhua yam muaj tus nqi. Lub luag haujlwm yog kom paub seb nws puas tsim nyog them tus nqi rau qhov no lossis qhov thev naus laus zis ntawd. Thiab peb yuav tsum tsis txhob ua qhov muag tsis pom kev ntseeg qee txoj hauv kev tsuas yog vim lawv tau nyob ib puag ncig ntau xyoo lossis ntau pua xyoo. Txhua txoj kev yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas ib ntus. Tej zaum qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj yuav yog kev siv tshuaj loog.

Cov tshuaj loog tau nyob ib puag ncig ntau dua 150 xyoo, tab sis nws tsuas yog tsis ntev los no tau pom tseeb tias lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem kev xav thiab nco tau ntev xyoo. Roderick Ekenhoff, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm tshuaj loog ntawm University of Pennsylvania hais tias "Tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem raug txiav tawm."

3. Ceev faj ntawm zeitgeist

Hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, peb lub thev naus laus zis tshiab tau muaj npe: e-luam yeeb (vim tsis muaj leej twg nyiam cov duab ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas haus luam yeeb, txawm tias nws tsis nqus pa luam yeeb tiag); GMOs (vim sim hloov lub ntuj tej yam tsis hnov tsw zoo li arrogance) thiab bisphenol A (BPP), raws li cov tshuaj resin no tau tso tawm los ntawm cov yas los ntawm cov me nyuam lub raj mis. Tag nrho peb lub thev naus laus zis tau poob raug tsim txom los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb uas tau ua pov thawj tias muaj kev phom sij. Thiab txhua tus neeg raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev tshaj xov xwm.

Tab sis kev xav tsis zoo yuav tsum tsis txhob ua rau peb dig muag thiab tiv thaiv peb los ntawm kev saib cov pov thawj.

Thawj thawj zaug, cov luam yeeb hluav taws xob - ib hom roj teeb uas siv lub tshuab nqus pa uas tso cai rau koj ua pa nicotine yam tsis siv luam yeeb - tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Meskas hauv xyoo 2006. Cov kua evaporated kuj muaj propylene glycol, glycerol thiab qee yam aroma, xws li tsis hnov tsw ntawm Belgian waffles lossis chocolate. Cov luam yeeb hauv hluav taws xob tau raug rau txim thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm yuav luag txhua tus kws tshawb fawb, kws kho mob thiab tsoomfwv cov thawj coj saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem. Thiab nws tsis nyuaj rau pom vim li cas.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nicotine yog qhov muaj yees thiab muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov menyuam hauv plab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem ua rau mob taub hau, xeev siab, ntuav, kiv taub hau, ntxhov siab vim thiab plawv palpitations. Tab sis feem ntau e-luam yeeb tsis muaj nicotine.

Tsis tas li ntawd, e-luam yeeb yog tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab luam yeeb loj xws li Altria, Reynolds thiab Imperial. Lawv cov kev tswj xyuas hais tias cov khoom zoo li no yog ib hom kev tawm tswv yim rau cov neeg uas xav txiav luam yeeb. Tab sis txog tam sim no, cov cuab yeej no tseem tsis tau txais kev ntseeg siab ntawm Asmeskas. Xyoo 2012, e-luam yeeb siv nyiaj ntau dua $ 18 lab rau kev tshaj tawm hauv xov xwm thiab TV. Tsis zoo li cov luam yeeb li niaj zaus, uas tau txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm txij li xyoo 1971, cov luam yeeb hluav taws xob tuaj yeem txhawb nqa dawb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev lag luam kev lag luam ntawm lawv cov khoom tsim thiab muag hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau nce txog 3.5 billion nyiaj hauv ib xyoos, thaum nws tau kwv yees tias los ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 2020s qhov ntim ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm e-luam yeeb yuav tshaj qhov muag ntawm cov pa. luam yeeb.

Thiab rau saum nws tag nrho, zoo li Camel tshaj tawm hais txog Joe Camel lub ntxhuav, qee qhov kev lag luam e-luam yeeb tau tsim los kom nyiam cov tub ntxhais hluas.

Xyoo 2013, kwv yees li 250,000 tus tub ntxhais hluas uas tsis tau haus luam yeeb ua ntej sim e-luam yeeb. Hauv xyoo 2014, yuav luag 1.6 lab Asmeskas cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab thiab theem nrab tau sim lawv, uas yog qhov nce ntxiv rau xyoo dhau los. Qhov tseeb, ntau dua 10% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau sim haus luam yeeb e-luam yeeb. Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, nws zoo nkaus li tias nws tsuas yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm lub sijhawm, thiab muaj ib hnub ib nthwv dej loj ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas haus luam yeeb hluav taws xob yuav cuam tshuam rau zej zog, thiab lawv yuav dhau los ua cov neeg laus uas haus luam yeeb tsis tu ncua thiab tuag ntawm lub ntsws cancer. Yog li e-luam yeeb tuaj yeem ua rau 480,000 tus neeg tuag ntau dua hauv Tebchaws Meskas, thiab $ 300 nphom hauv cov nqi kho mob txhua xyoo thiab cov khoom tsim tau los ntawm kev haus luam yeeb.

Rau tag nrho cov laj thawj no, American Cancer Society, American Lung Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization thiab American Academy of Pediatrics tawm tsam e-luam yeeb. Thiab thaum kuv xub kov lub ntsiab lus no, kuv paub tseeb tias thaum kawg kuv yuav pom zoo tag nrho nrog lawv. Tab sis muaj ib qho teeb meem - cov ntaub ntawv.

Vim muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev siv e-luam yeeb hauv tsib xyoos dhau los, kev haus luam yeeb ib txwm tau poob mus rau qib tsis tau pom dua hauv keeb kwm, suav nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas. Piv txwv li, raws li Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob thiab Tiv Thaiv, thaum kev siv e-luam yeeb tau nce peb npaug los ntawm 2013 txog 2014, kev siv e-luam yeeb tau poob qis heev. Xyoo 2005, 20.9% ntawm cov neeg laus haus luam yeeb; los ntawm 2014, muaj 16.8%, yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov neeg haus luam yeeb hauv Asmeskas tau txo los ntawm 20%. Ntxiv mus, xyoo 2014, cov neeg Asmeskas cov neeg haus luam yeeb poob qis dua 40 lab thawj zaug hauv 50 xyoo. Cov xeev uas tau txhawb nqa lub tswv yim tias e-luam yeeb tsuas yog hloov pauv rau cov luam yeeb li qub thiab tau txwv tsis pub muag cov kev xaiv no rau cov menyuam yaus tau pom tias muaj kev haus luam yeeb nce ntxiv hauv pawg hnub nyoog no. Thiab tsis muaj lus nug tias kev hloov hluav taws xob muaj kev nyab xeeb dua; Tsis zoo li cov tshuaj ib txwm muaj, lawv tsis tso cov kab mob ua rau mob qog noj ntshav lossis mob plawv-ua rau cov khoom pov tseg xws li carbon monoxide hauv lub cev. Michael Russell, ib tus kws kho mob thawj zaug los kho cov tshuaj nicotine tau hais tias "Cov neeg haus luam yeeb kom tau nicotine, tab sis lawv tuag los ntawm tar."

Tej zaum qhov no tsuas yog ib qho coincidence xwb. Tej zaum muaj lwm yam laj thawj vim li cas kev haus luam yeeb poob qis, thiab lawv tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog kev nce hauv e-luam yeeb. Tab sis nws tseem ntxov dhau los rau txim rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xav tias nws tsuas yog tus choj rau kev haus luam yeeb xwb, thaum xub thawj siab ib muag qhov kev tawm tsam zoo li muaj tseeb. Lub sij hawm yuav qhia. Nws tsis muaj teeb meem tias los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qee cov kab lis kev cai, e-luam yeeb yog qhov phem; tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb.

Zoo li e-luam yeeb, GMOs kuj tau poob rau cov neeg zeitgeist.

GMO yog hais txog txhua yam kab mob nyob uas muaj "kev sib txuas tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces tau los ntawm kev siv cov biotechnology niaj hnub no." Cov kab lus tseem ceeb yog "tam sim no biotechnology" vim hais tias, qhov tseeb, peb tau hloov pauv peb cov chaw nyob txij thaum pib ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm. Tib neeg tau pib tsim cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj hauv tsev siv kev xaiv, lossis kev xaiv khoom tsim, 12,000 BC, tag nrho nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev xaiv ib hom rau qee yam caj ces. Ntawd yog, qhov kev xaiv no yog qhov ua ntej ntawm kev hloov kho caj ces niaj hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, ecologists tau txaus ntshai los ntawm kev khav theeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thaum lawv txiav txim siab rov kho DNA hauv chav kuaj kom hloov qhov xwm txheej.

Niaj hnub no, genetic bioengineering feem ntau yog siv hauv kev tsim khoom noj. Ua tsaug rau nws, cov qoob loo tau dhau los tiv thaiv kab tsuag, huab cua kub thiab ib puag ncig, nrog rau qee yam kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog kev pab ntawm kev hloov kho caj ces, cov qoob loo tau txhim kho ntawm cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig, txee lub neej thiab tshuaj tua kab mob tau nce ntxiv. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, 94% ntawm cov taum pauv, 96% ntawm paj rwb, thiab 93% ntawm pob kws yog hloov kho; nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws tsim, qhov no twb yog 54% ntawm cov qoob loo. Qhov cuam tshuam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv cov teb chaws tsim, yog qhov txaus nyiam. Ua tsaug rau GMO thev naus laus zis, kev siv tshuaj tua kab tau txo qis los ntawm 37%, cov qoob loo qoob loo tau nce los ntawm 22%, thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb cov nyiaj tau los ntawm 68%. Txawm hais tias cov noob hloov noob caj noob ces kim dua, tus nqi tau yooj yim offset los ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab txo qis thiab ntau dua yields.

Ntau tus neeg ntshai tias cov khoom noj uas hloov pauv caj ces ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv ntau dua li lwm yam khoom noj, tab sis kev tshawb fawb nruj heev qhia tau tias tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb.

Lub Koom Haum Asmeskas rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab National Academy of Sciences tau hais tawm hauv kev txhawb nqa kev siv GMOs. Txawm tias European Union, uas tsis tau tshwj xeeb txhawb GMOs, yuav tsum suav nrog qhov no. Hauv xyoo 2010, European Commission tau hais tias: Qhov kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau kos los ntawm ntau dua 130 txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv 25 xyoo thiab koom nrog ntau dua 500 pawg tshawb fawb ywj pheej yog tias biotechnology, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog GMOs, tsis muaj kev phom sij ntau dua li kev cog qoob loo. technologies”.

Txawm hais tias txhua yam yog qhov tseeb nrog kev tshawb fawb, cov pej xeem tseem txhawj xeeb. Kev tshawb fawb Gallup tsis ntev los no pom tias 48% ntawm cov neeg Amelikas ntseeg tias cov khoom noj hloov pauv hloov ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau cov neeg siv khoom. Ntau tus neeg teb xav pom daim ntawv lo ntawm cov khoom ceeb toom txog qhov muaj GMOs: ces lawv yuav tsis muaj peev xwm yuav lawv. Raws li tib daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas, peb npaj siab tsis lees paub tsis yog kev tshawb fawb nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog keeb kwm. Ua tsaug rau kev xaiv thiab cog qoob loo, cov qoob loo "natural" uas peb loj hlob tam sim no dais me ntsis zoo li lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv. Hauv cov lus pom zoo, tus neeg ua liaj ua teb uas siv qhov kev hloov pauv hloov pauv los cog qoob loo tshwj xeeb tsis txawv ntawm ib tus neeg uas txhob txwm tsim qhov kev hloov pauv. Ob qho tib si thawj thiab thib ob muaj kev hloov pauv tib yam.

Tsis tas li ntawd, GMO thev naus laus zis tau siv los ua cov tshuaj tseem ceeb: insulin rau cov ntshav qab zib, cov ntshav txhaws cov protein rau cov neeg mob hemophilia, thiab cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob rau cov menyuam yaus luv.

Yav dhau los, cov khoom no tau txais los ntawm npua pancreas, cov ntshav pub ntshav thiab cov qog pituitary ntawm cov neeg tuag.

Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj cov uas tawm tsam GMOs. Tsis ntev los no, muaj ib zaj dab neeg nyob rau hauv Web hais txog ib tug txiv lws suav muaj ib tug ntses gene. Frankenstein's portrayal tsuas yog txhawb nqa ib puag ncig los thawb rau GMO daim ntawv lo. Stephen Novella, tus pab xibfwb ntawm Yale University Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tshuaj Kho Mob thiab tus tsim lub podcast The Skeptics Guide to the Universe, muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws: “Cov lus nug tiag tiag tsis yog seb puas muaj cov noob txiv lws suav hloov nrog cov ntses. Leej twg tu? - nws sau. - Nws tsis yog tias noj ntses noob yog qhov txaus ntshai - tib neeg noj ntses tiag. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau kwv yees tias kwv yees li 70% ntawm cov noob yog tib yam hauv tib neeg thiab ntses. Koj muaj cov noob ntses, thiab tag nrho cov nroj tsuag koj noj muaj cov noob ntses. Deal nrog nws!"

Paul Offit yog ib tug kws kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv kev kis kab mob, kws kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kab mob. Hauv nws phau ntawv tshiab "Pandora's Box. Xya zaj dab neeg ntawm yuav ua li cas kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem ua phem rau peb "nws qhia cov neeg nyeem kom nkag siab txog cov ntaub ntawv ntws thiab pov tseg cov ntaub ntawv pseudoscientific. Offit debunks myths xwb uas tau nthuav tawm raws li kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab hais kom tsis txhob ntseeg txhua yam uas tau sau rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws hais txog kev noj qab haus huv.