Puas yog nws muaj tseeb tias Gagarin tsis yog thawj tus txiv neej nyob hauv qhov chaw, thiab USSR tau nkaum kev puas tsuaj loj nrog cov neeg raug tsim txom

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Peb pom tias muaj ib qho av tiag tiag rau kev koom tes theories txog "poob" astronauts.

Tau ntau xyoo tau muaj kev sib cav txog qhov kev vam meej ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm Soviet Union. Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev koom tes txoj kev xav sib cav hais tias "cannibalistic system" tsis tseg nws cov menyuam yaus rau kev xav txog kev nom kev tswv. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, lub Soviet tsoom fwv zais hais tias kaum ob cosmonauts tuag ua ntej thiab tom qab lub davhlau ntawm Yuri Gagarin: thaum lub sij hawm takeoffs thiab landings, nyob rau hauv orbit, ntawm lub hli (thiab txawm nyob rau Mars!), los yog txawm ploj mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv lub dub abyss.

Lub neej hacker txiav txim siab seb puas muaj tiag tiag "zero" cosmonauts hauv USSR.

Dab tsi yog paub txog thaum ntxov Soviet cov kev pab cuam los tua ib tug txiv neej mus rau qhov chaw

Thawj qhov haujlwm ntawm kev tua tus txiv neej sab nraum lub ntiaj teb huab cua hauv USSR yog AI Pervushin. Krasny Kosmos. Starships ntawm lub tebchaws Soviet. - M., 2007 tau tsim yuav luag tam sim ntawd tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj. Cov phiaj xwm no tau ua tiav hauv qhov project VR-190.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog hais txog suborbital, thiab tsis yog hais txog kev sib tw orbital: lub foob pob hluav taws ntawm qhov project no tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev ceev txaus los tua lub ntiaj teb dag satellite. Lawv yuav tsum tau nce mus rau sab sauv txheej ntawm cov huab cua, tom qab ntawd lub compartment nrog cov neeg coob tau npaj kom txo qis rau lub ntiaj teb los ntawm parachute.

Qhov project BP-190 tau siv cov kev tsim kho ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv ntawm Nazi FAU-2 ballistic missile. Thaum xub thawj, Soviet engineers Mikhail Tikhonravov thiab Nikolai Chernyshev ua hauj lwm rau nws, ces qhov project tau coj los ntawm tus tsim bureau ntawm Sergei Korolev.

Ntau lub foob pob hluav taws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub npe "R-1" (tom qab ntawd muaj lwm tus: "R-2" thiab "R-5"). Thawj qhov kev vam meej ntawm kev muaj sia nyob ntawm lawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 1951: cov monglels Gypsy thiab Dezik mus rau lub davhlau suborbital.

Thaum kawg ntawm 50s, kev ua haujlwm ntawm "BP-190" raug kaw los ntawm AI Pervushin. Krasny Kosmos. Starships ntawm lub tebchaws Soviet. - M., 2007 as hopeless. Tus txiv neej yeej tsis mus rau hauv suborbital orbit.

Txawm hais tias qhov no, nws yog VR-190 qhov project uas tau los ua lub hauv paus rau ntau qhov kev sib koom ua ke, raws li qhov ua ntej Yuri Gagarin, ntau tus pej xeem Soviet raug xa mus rau suborbital thiab orbital flights. Tag nrho tab sis ib tug ntawm lawv tau hais tias tau tuag lawm.

Leej twg yog hu ua "zero" Soviet cosmonauts

Thawj thawj zaug, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog "zero" cosmonauts yog Pervushin A. I. "Qhov txaus ntshai zais cia" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. XX xyoo pua X-Cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm hauv xov xwm txawv teb chaws nyob rau xyoo thaum ntxov ntawm qhov chaw sib tw. Qhov kev tsis lees paub ntawm "cannibalistic" missile program ntawm USSR tau tshwm sim ntau thiab ntau zaus thiab tau dhau los nrog cov ntsiab lus.

Yog li, xyoo 1958, Pervushin AI tau tshaj tawm txog kev sib tsoo ntawm lub dav hlau ya tawm los ntawm Kapustin Yar qhov chaw sim, "qhov txaus ntshai zais cia" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. XX xyoo pua X-Files German foob pob hluav taws pioneer Hermann Obert. Nws tsis vouch rau qhov plausibility ntawm zaj dab neeg, vim hais tias nws tau txais cov ntaub ntawv, raws li nws tus kheej cov lus, los ntawm peb tog.

Nyob rau hauv 1959, lub Italian xov xwm lub koom haum Continentale sau AI Pervushin "Ib tug txaus ntshai zais cia" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. Cov ntaub ntawv zais cia ntawm lub xyoo pua XX txog kev tuag ntawm ob peb lub tebchaws Soviet cosmonaus. Tsis muaj ib qho kev ntseeg siab tom qab lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: nws yog ib qho "qib siab Czechoslovak communist."

Raws li Continentale, cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm suborbital flights nyob rau hauv lig 1950s yog:

• Alexey Ledovsky Ledovskiy, Aleksei. Astronautix xyoo 1957;
• Terenty Shiborin Shiborin, Serenti. Astronautix xyoo 1958;
• Andrey Mitkov Mitkov, Andrei. Astronautix xyoo 1959;
• Marya (Mira) Gromova Gromova, Mirya. Astronautix - raws li Continentale, nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo 1959, nws liam tias "xa lub dav hlau mus rau hauv oblivion."

Ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav tshaj plaws yog cov kaw lus ntawm kev sib tham ntawm Soviet cosmonauts thiab cov lus txib hauv av, liam tias cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kwv tij Achille thiab Giovanni Giudica-Cordilla, Italian xov tooj cua amateurs. Lawv, raws li lawv tus kheej kev lees paub, tsis nco ib qho kev tso tawm, zoo kawg nkaus tu cov cuab yeej thiab kawm kom txhais tau qhov tseeb ntawm cov teeb liab ntawm lub dav hlau. Ua ke nrog cov neeg zoo li lub siab, lawv txawm tswj los tsim ib lub network ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb zoo sib xws thoob ntiaj teb.

Nyob rau xyoo 1960, cov kwv tij tau nthuav tawm tag nrho cov "suab pov thawj" ntawm Soviet chaw muaj kev puas tsuaj nrog tib neeg raug mob.

Cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv lub suab ntawm "Valentina lub cosmonaut" raug liam tias hlawv tawm thaum lub davhlau hauv 1961 lossis 1963.

Ntawm no yog ib daim ntawv teev npe ntawm "poob astronauts" cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Achilles thiab Giovanni Giudica-Cordilla:

• Alexey Grachev Graciov, Alexis. Astronautix yog Soviet cosmonaut uas tau liam tias ya mus deb ntawm lub ntiaj teb xyoo 1960 thiab xa SOS teeb liab mus rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb hauv Morse code.
• Gennady Mikhailov Mikhailov, Gennady. Astronautix. Cov kwv tij Giudica-Cordilla tau thov kom tau ntes lub xov tooj cua ntawm panting thiab nce lub plawv dhia ob lub hlis ua ntej Gagarin lub davhlau. Qee cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev xav txog cov neeg tuag Soviet cosmonaus ntseeg tias lawv yog Mikhailov.
• Lus Ludmila. Astronautix yog ib tug poj niam astronaut uas yws txog qhov kub thiab txias ("… Kuv kub. Kuv pom nplaim taws …") thiab liam tias kub hnyiab hauv huab cua thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1961. Raws li lwm qhov chaw, ob peb lub hlis tom qab lub davhlau ntawm Valentina Tereshkova, thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1963.
• Tsis paub cosmonauts thiab astronaut, raws li xov tooj cua amateurs, tuag nyob rau hauv 1962. Peb tau muaj kev sib tham nrog lub ntiaj teb: "Cov xwm txheej hnyav zuj zus, vim li cas koj tsis teb?.. Lub ntiaj teb yuav tsis paub txog peb … " Ib tug ntawm lawv hu ua Alexey Belokonev Belokonyov, Alexis. Astronautix.

Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lwm qhov raug liam tias tuag Soviet cosmonaus:

• V. Zavadovsky Zavadovski, V. Astronautix - hauv xyoo 1959 tau sim cov khoom siv hauv chaw. Raws li Reuters, tuag xyoo 1960.
• Ivan Kachur Kachur, UA. Astronautix - supposedly tuag thaum thawj manned space davhlau ntawm lub USSR nyob rau hauv 1960.
• Peter Dolgov Dolgov, Piotr. Astronautix - Lieutenant Colonel ntawm Airborne Forces, sim paratrooper, raws li qee qhov kev xav, tuag hauv 1960 hauv qhov chaw.
• Andrey Mikoyan Mikoyan yog Andrei. Astronautix thiab nws tus khub tau hais tias yog Soviet cosmonaus uas tuag thaum lub davhlau zais cia rau lub hli xyoo 1969. Vim tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm lub automation, lawv liam tias ya dhau nws lub orbit.

Txawm tias muaj ntau lub npe npe, cov npe no nyob deb ntawm kev ua tiav Zheleznyakov A. Gagarin tseem yog Thawj. ORBIT, Phau ntawv Journal ntawm Astro Space Stamp Society. Conspiracy theorists hu lwm lub npe, nrog rau tham txog tsis muaj npe "cov neeg caij nkoj ploj."

Ib tug ntawm cov craziest versions hais tias lub Soviet rover tau tswj los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj npe dwarf - ib tug KGB tub ceev xwm uas pom zoo rau ib tug tua tus kheej lub hom phiaj.

Ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau plausible neeg sib tw rau lub "zero" cosmonauts yog suav hais tias yog tus tub ntawm tus naas ej Soviet aircraft designer Sergei Ilyushin - tus tsim ntawm lub "IL" aircraft. - Kwv yees. tus sau Vladimir Ilyushin. Nws, tsis zoo li ntau lub peev xwm "zero", yog tus neeg tiag tiag, thiab ntxiv rau - tus kws tsav dav hlau ntawm Sukhoi tsim chaw ua haujlwm, uas tsim Su aircraft. Ilyushin teeb tsa ntau qhov chaw siab.

Cov neeg sau xov xwm Askiv thiab Fab Kis hnub ua ntej Gagarin lub davhlau hu ua AI Pervushin "Qhov tsis pub leejtwg paub txaus ntshai" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. Lub xyoo pua XX cov ntaub ntawv zais cia ntawm Vladimir Ilyushin yog thawj tus neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, thiab nws raug mob (hauv xyoo 1961, tus kws tsav dav hlau tau txais kev kho mob hauv Suav teb) yog pov thawj ntawm lub luag haujlwm ua tsis tiav. Nws tau liam tias muaj nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 7, 1961. Cov lus xaiv tau nthuav tawm tias lub davhlau ntawm Gagarin txawm npaj los hloov ib lub qhov muag los ntawm qhov tsis ua haujlwm no.

Tom qab ntawd, txoj kev xav tau ntxiv nrog cov ntsiab lus tshiab. Lawv tau hais tias Ilyushin tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm thiab tom qab kev tsaws nyuaj tau siv sijhawm ib xyoos hauv kev poob cev qhev hauv Suav teb, thiab Gagarin raug tshem tawm los ntawm KGB xyoo 1968 kom nws tsis txhob hais txog nws.

Puas muaj "zero" astronauts tiag tiag?

Tsis muaj pov thawj tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov dab neeg hais txog "zero" astronauts. Rov qab rau xyoo 1970, tom qab ua qhov kev tshawb fawb loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tom qab ntawd muaj, tus kws tshaj lij thev naus laus zis, yav dhau los NASA tus kws tshaj lij thiab tus kws tshaj lij tawm tsam James Oberg tshaj tawm Oberg J. Uncovering Soviet Disasters. NY. Xyoo 1988 tias tag nrho cov dab neeg no yog ntawv tseeb. Declassified cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov neeg ua pov thawj ntawm cov xwm txheej kuj tsis paub meej tias AI Pervushin "Lub txaus ntshai zais cia" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. XX xyoo pua X-Cov ntaub ntawv no theories.

Cov dab neeg ntawm Continentale kuj tsis tau txais Pervushin A. I. Qhov "tsis pub leejtwg paub txaus ntshai" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. XX xyoo pua X-Cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug lees paub, thiab lub koom haum uas tso tawm ib qho kev xav tom qab lwm qhov poob sai sai.

Cov npe ntawm Belokonev, Kachur, Grachev, Mikhailov thiab Zavadovsky tau nkag mus rau hauv Pervushin A. I. "Lub txaus ntshai zais cia" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. X-Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua XX nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov neeg tuag tsuas yog vim hais tias cov Associated Press cov neeg sau xov xwm uas pom lawv nyob rau hauv Soviet cov ntawv xov xwm nyob rau hauv 1959 ua yuam kev yuam kev mus sim pilots rau yav tom ntej astronauts. Nyob rau hauv particular, Belokonev nyob rau hauv 1991, thiab nyob rau hauv kev sib tham nrog Golovanov Ya. Cosmonaut No. 1. - M., 1986 rau cov neeg sau xov xwm Ivan Golovanov, nws tau lees tias tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov hais saum toj no yog ib feem ntawm lub cosmonaut corps: lawv tag nrho cov xwb sim. cov cuab yeej siv siab.

Vladimir Ilyushin kuj tsis yog Pervushin A. I. "Qhov txaus ntshai zais cia" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. X-Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua XX ntawm cov conquerors ntawm qhov chaw. Nws txoj kev kho mob hauv Suav teb tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw: xyoo 1960, Vladimir raug mob hnyav hauv tsheb sib tsoo.

Pyotr Dolgov yog qhov ze tshaj plaws rau qhov chaw los ntawm qhov kev xav "zero". Qhov ntawd tsuas yog Golovanov Y. Cosmonaut No. 1. - M., 1986 nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1962 (ob xyoos tom qab nws tau hais) thaum kuaj lub spacesuit, dhia nrog ib tug parachute los ntawm qhov siab ntawm ntau tshaj 25 kilometers saum lub ntiaj teb no. Los ntawm lub zais pa capsule, Dolgov ua puas lub visor ntawm lub kaus mom hlau, uas ua rau nws cov khaub ncaws kom depressurize.

"Zero" cosmonautics kuj tsis yooj yim sua vim li cas.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Soviet R-5A missiles siv rau suborbital flights nyob rau hauv 1950s, cargo tuav yog tsawg heev rau ib tug neeg. Tsuas yog cov dev ya mus rau lawv, thiab qee qhov (piv txwv li, Liab thiab Joyna hauv 1957, Xibtes thiab Fluff, Zhulka thiab Khawm hauv 1958) ntawm lawv tiag tiag tuag Zheleznyakov A. Gagarin tseem yog Thawj. ORBIT, Phau ntawv Journal ntawm Astro Space Stamp Society ntawm kev ua tsis tiav. Cov no thiab lwm yam kev ya davhlau tsis muaj neeg tuaj yeem tuaj yeem ua yuam kev rau qhov kev taug kev nyuaj siab ntawm Soviet cosmonauts tsis paub.

Tawm mus ntawm txoj kev translunar, raws li cov kwv tij Giudica-Cordilla, nyob rau hauv 1960s yog tsis yooj yim sua rau Soviet missiles Siddiqi A. A. Sib tw rau Apollo: Lub Soviet Union thiab lub Space Race, 1945-1974. NASA. 2000. Tsis muaj Zheleznyakov A. Gagarin Tseem yog Thawj. ORBIT, Phau ntawv Journal of the Astro Space Stamp Society tom qab ntawd thiab cov dav hlau uas muaj peev xwm coj tau lub nkoj ntau dua ib tus neeg caij nkoj - lawv yuav tshwm sim hauv 1964 nkaus xwb.

Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev kaw ntawm Giudica-Cordilla cov kwv tij yog qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj lwm lub xov tooj cua hauv ntiaj teb tau kaw cov cim no. Txawm tias NATO tiv thaiv kab ke nrog thaj chaw muaj zog ntau dua tsis tau sau dab tsi zoo li no. Txawm hais tias, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Txias, kev ua tsis tiav ntawm USSR yuav dhau los ua riam phom tshaj tawm.

Ntau tus neeg thuam kuj sib cav tias cov kwv tij tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem muaj cov khoom siv xov tooj cua tsim nyog los cuam tshuam kev sib txuas lus thiab kev nyeem ntawv, nrog rau cais lawv ntawm lwm lub suab nrov. Ua tsis taus pa thiab lub plawv dhia ntawm cov neeg coob yeej tsis tau kis mus rau lub suab, tab sis xa mus rau lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zauv. Cov "cosmonauts" lawv tus kheej tsis quav ntsej cov cai ntawm cov kev cai thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm Soviet Air Force ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg. Yog li cov kwv tij feem ntau yuav tsim Oberg J. Uncovering Soviet Disasters. NY. 1988 kev dag ntxias.

Dab tsi yog cov lus xaiv txog cov astronauts ploj raws li?

Cov lus xaiv ntawm kev koom ua ke los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm qhov kev pab cuam hauv Soviet tau muaj zog heev uas nws txawm cuam tshuam qhov kev xaav ntawm cov xwm txheej tiag tiag. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv "Guinness Phau Ntawv Cov Ntaub Ntawv" luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1964, Pervushin AI tau qhia tias yog thawj cosmonaut. "Lub txaus ntshai secret" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. XX xyoo pua X-Files Vladimir Ilyushin, tsis yog Yuri Gagarin. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1967, tom qab lub Soyuz-1 kev puas tsuaj, muaj ib zaj dab neeg hais txog yuav ua li cas tus tuag Vladimir Komarov nrog kua muag hais goodbye rau nws tus poj niam thiab thuam lub Soviet system.

Qhov tseeb yog tias qhov chaw ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub USSR tau ua nyob rau hauv lub strictest secrecy. Piv txwv li, lub npe ntawm Sergei Korolev tau khaws cia rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Nws tsev neeg tej zaum yuav tsis paub tias tus neeg tsav dav hlau tab tom npaj los ua ib tus neeg caij nkoj. Txawm tias cov dev uas koom nrog hauv qhov kev sim no muaj npe.

Qee qhov kev ua tsis tiav tiag tiag thiab qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag tau sim tsis txhob kis mus. Tab sis cov lus xaiv txog lawv tseem kis tau thiab tau txais cov ntsiab lus zoo kawg. Yog li nws yog Pervushin A. I. "Qhov txaus ntshai zais cia" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. X-Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua XX nrog qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm lub hom phiaj rau Venus thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1961. Lub chaw nres tsheb daig hauv orbit ces hu ua ib tug ntse launched hnyav satellite.

Tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv zais cia ntawm kev tuag ntawm Soviet cosmonauts. Yog li, kom txog rau thaum xyoo 1980, cov tub ceev xwm Soviet tau zais kev tuag ntawm Valentin Bondarenko, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm thawj cosmonaut corps. Nws tuag Golovanov Y. Cosmonaut No. 1. - M., 1986 nyob rau hauv 1961 vim muaj kev huam yuaj nyob rau hauv lub siab chamber. Senior Lieutenant Bondarenko tsuas yog 24 xyoo, nws yog tus yau tshaj hauv kev sib cais.

Ua ke nrog Bondarenko, lawv feem ntau nco qab Oberg J. Uncovering Soviet Disasters. NY. 1988 lwm tus tswv cuab ntawm thawj pab pawg - Grigory Nelyubov. Txawm li cas los xij, nws lub npe raug tshem tawm los ntawm qhov chaw chronicle Pervushin A. I. "Pib zais txaus ntshai" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. XX xyoo pua X-Cov ntaub ntawv vim qaug dej qaug cawv. Ivan Anikeev thiab Valentin Filatyev kuj raug ntiab tawm nrog nws. Kev haus cawv Nelyubov tuag nyob rau hauv 1966 nyob rau hauv lub log ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau nyob rau hauv lub mysterious xwm txheej.

Kev puas tsuaj loj tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1960 ntawm Baikonur. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawg ntawm R-16 intercontinental ballistic missile, ntau dua 70 (raws li ntau qhov chaw, txog li 120 tus neeg) ntawm cosmodrome thiab tub rog cov neeg ua haujlwm raug tua. Ntawm lawv yog tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Hom Phiaj Missile Forces, Marshal ntawm Artillery Mitrofan Nedelin, uas nws lub npe feem ntau qhia txog qhov xwm txheej no. Txog nws tau paub tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev tshaj tawm.

Tag nrho cov kev zais cia thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua tsis tiav, feem ntau yuav dhau los ua AI Pervushin "Qhov tsis pub leejtwg paub txaus ntshai" ntawm Soviet cosmonautics. XX xyoo pua X-Cov ntaub ntawv yog lub hauv paus rau kev koom tes theories.

Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog "poob" Soviet cosmonauts, uas nws lub cev tseem nyob rau hauv orbit los yog roam lub loj heev ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau kev muaj tiag thiab, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, yog tsim nyog rau lub npe ntawm lub nroog legends. Zoo li txhua txoj kev xav sib koom ua ke, vim lawv qhov kev zais cia, lawv tseem nrov. Tab sis qhov tseeb yog ntau prosaic.