Yog tsis yog "tus sau" thiab tsis yog "blogger", ces leej twg? Yuav ua li cas feminitives yog tsim nyob rau hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Peb txheeb xyuas cov kev xaiv uas cov qauv sau ntawv muaj thiab vim li cas peb pom qee qhov ntawm lawv nruab nrab, thaum lwm tus - peb sawv tsis tau.

"Tus Sau", "blogger" thiab lwm yam feminitives tshiab tsis tas yuav tsum yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Is Taws Nem. Ib txhia hais tias qhov no yog li cas poj niam yuav tsum raug hu; ib tug neeg nto qaub ncaug thiab thov tias qhov no yog kev ua txhaum loj ntawm cov cai ntawm Lavxias.

Txawm li cas los xij, ib txwm muaj feminitives. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam yog keeb kwm yam ntxwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus txij thaum ancient sij hawm. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus xaus, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov poj niam lub npe ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm tau tsim, maj mam nce. Tej zaum qhov no tsis yog qhov txwv thiab cov tshiab yuav tshwm sim, tab sis tam sim no peb yuav txheeb xyuas cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm. Rau qhov no peb tig mus rau ib qho ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj tshaj plaws - rau "Lavxias cov qauv sau ntawv" kho los ntawm N. Yu. Shvedova. Thawj tsab tawm tuaj rau xyoo 1980, yog li ntawd nws tseem hu ua "Grammar-80".

Xib fwb thiab poj huab tais

Cov lus xaus: -nws (a), -nits (a), -schits (a), -chits (a).

Cov lus kawg no tau siv rau hauv ancient sij hawm: tus tswv tsev, tus kav nroog, tus nais maum, tus tswv av, tus neeg saib xyuas hauv tsev. Lawv tseem tsim tau tam sim no.

Nrog rau lawv cov kev pab, feminitives yog tsim los ntawm cov lus uas tsis muaj suffixes thiab nrog suffixes -ets, -ik, -nik, -shchik, -chik, -tel. Txhua leej txhua tus paub txog cov khub hauv qab no: "tus tswv → craftswoman", "pilot → pilot", "crane operator → crane operator", "king → Queen", "teacher → teacher", "sau ntawv → writer", "boss → boss". ", "artist → artist".

Cov no yog cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg. Peb perceive ntau lo lus nrog lawv calmly, peb tsis pom nyob rau hauv lawv ib tug txo stylistic coloring. Yog li ntawd, peb kuj perceive ib co tshiab feminitives nrog lawv nruab nrab: PR, SMS, tsav tsheb.

Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov lus novelties tseem ua rau peb. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum koj txuas -nws (a) rau cov lus uas tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus lossis nrog lub ntsiab lus -ik: kws kho mob, kws kho mob. Txawm hais tias tib tus qauv ua haujlwm hauv cov lus "craftswoman" thiab "queen". Tej zaum qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm tus cwj pwm.

Heroine thiab vajtswv poj niam

Tom qab: -in (i) / -yn (i).

Nrog nws cov kev pab, feminitives yog tsim los ntawm cov lus tsis muaj suffixes: heroine, nun, vajtswv poj niam, qhev. Nws kuj yog siv los muab cov npe poj niam los ntawm cov lus xaus hauv -log. Tab sis nyob rau hauv "Cov Lus Qhia-80" nws tau sau tseg tias cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no yog kev sib tham, feem ntau humorous: geology, philology.

Tam sim no nws yog rau cov lus nyob rau hauv -log uas lawv tab tom sim muab cov ntsiab lus no: gynecologist, biology, sexologist. Txawm li cas los xij, me ntsis tau hloov txij li xyoo 1980s, thiab cov lus no tau pom tias yog kev lom zem. Ib txhia sim siv lawv li nruab nrab, tab sis lub zej zog tseem tsis tau siv rau nws. Txawm hais tias hypothetically, dhau sij hawm, tus cwj pwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus no yuav hloov pauv, vim peb tsis pom cov lus " qhev" lossis "heroine" li comic.

Poetess thiab Princess

Tom qab: -es (a).

Nws yog siv los tsim feminitives los ntawm cov lus tsis muaj cov lus xaus: poetess, ntxhais huabtais, stewardess. Nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv txhais lus niaj hnub no, piv txwv li, hauv phau ntawv txhais lus sau ntawv Academic Spelling Resource "ACADEMOS" edited by V. V. Lopatin, kuj tseem muaj cov kev xaiv xws li: tus tawm tswv yim, neeg thuam, qhia, thuam, autoress.

Raws li txoj cai, lub ntsiab lus -ess (a) yog nruab nrab, thiab Grammar-80 txawm hais txog nws cov khoom tsim tau. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws tuaj yeem siv tau thiab ua tau zoo rau kev tsim cov lus tshiab. Tseem muaj cov piv txwv ntawm "comic" thiab "tus neeg sawv cev" uas tau cim tias yog kev lom zem.

Tam sim no cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm feminitives siv lub ntsiab lus no, tab sis kuj muaj qhov tsis yooj yim. Cov lus yog qhov ntev, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv tau pom tias yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Tej zaum kuj yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm tus cwj pwm.

Actress thiab headmistress

Lub ntsiab lus: -yog (a).

Zoo li -ess (a), lub ntsiab lus no tuaj rau peb ua ib feem ntawm cov lus qiv, tab sis tau pib siv los ua ib chav sib cais. Nrog nws cov kev pab, feminitives yog tsim los ntawm cov lus tsis muaj suffixes thiab verbal nouns nyob rau hauv -or / -er: actress, headmistress. Cov phau ntawv txhais lus tseem sau cov lus "inspector" thiab "lectrix". Thiab nyob rau hauv Gatchina muaj Aviatrix Zvereva Street nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia / 2GIS Aviatrix Zvereva Street: lo lus "aviatrix" tau siv nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th los xa mus rau cov poj niam aviators.

Hauv "Grammar-80" kuj muaj lo lus xav paub "editor", uas yog cim ua si. Tsis yog lwm txoj kev phem rau cov feminitive editor niaj hnub. Thiab "sau" es tsis txhob "sau" tam sim ntawd los rau hauv siab.

Nws kuj tseem sau tseg tias cov lus kawg -is (a) tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua -ess (a). Tej zaum hnub no nws tuaj yeem ua tau zoo: ntau cov lus hauv - lossis, los ntawm lawv xav tsim feminitives.

Dressmaker thiab swimmer

Tom qab: -iha.

Nrog nws cov kev pab, feminitives yog tsim los ntawm cov lus uas tsis muaj suffixes thiab nrog suffixes -nik, -ets: swimmer, dressmaker, weaver, kws kho mob, ua noj.

Nws suav hais tias yog V. V. Berkutova. Feminatives nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab: lub linguistic nam / Philological nam, hais tias nws yog stylistically xim thiab feminitives nrog nws tau txais ib tug dismissive connotation. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj qhov nruab nrab "swimmer" thiab "dressmaker".

Cashier thiab tus tuav ntaub ntawv

Tom qab: -sh (ib).

Niaj hnub no nws yog ib qho ntawm ob qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws (qhov thib ob yog -k (a), txog nws - hauv qab no).

Nrog kev pab los ntawm -sh (a), feminitives yog tsim los ntawm stems uas xaus nyob rau hauv "p", "l", "n", "nt", "y": cashier, secretary, hairdresser. Nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv txhais lus niaj hnub no muaj cov Kev Kawm Spelling Resource "ACADEMOS" xws li cov lus xws li "editor", "courier", "designer", "trainer", "sau", "director", "engineer", "manicurist".

Thiab yuav tsis muaj teeb meem nrog kev tsim ntawm ntau yam feminitives tshiab yog tias nws tsis yog rau cov xim stylistic ntawm no suffix. Nws tsis yog suav hais tias yog nruab nrab, nws tsuas yog siv hauv kev hais lus thiab lus. Raws li txoj cai, kev sib txawv nrog nws yog siv los ntawm tus neeg thib peb ("nws yog kws kho mob", tsis yog "Kuv yog kws kho mob" lossis "koj yog kws kho mob"). Qhov no tej zaum yog vim keeb kwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus.

Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thawj peb ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Nws ua tau heev thiab ua hauj lwm los xaiv ib tug poj niam los ntawm nws tus txiv: tus kws kho mob tus poj niam yog tus kws kho mob tus poj niam, thiab tus xib fwb yog tus xib fwb tus poj niam. Txawm li cas los, twb nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, lub ntsiab lus -ш (a) tau nquag siv los xaiv tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm tus txiv, tab sis kuj los ntawm txoj hauj lwm: ib tug tshuab raj tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug ntaus suab paj nruag tus poj niam, tab sis kuj yog ib tug poj niam-musician; tus kws kho mob tsis yog tus kws kho mob tus poj niam xwb, tab sis kuj yog tus kws kho mob poj niam. Los ntawm txoj kev, lub ntsiab lus no tau pom tias yog qhov nruab nrab kiag li.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus tau hloov ntau heev. Ib tug poj niam tau tso tseg tsis suav tias yog kev sib txuas rau tus txiv neej, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tso npe los ntawm nws tus txiv tau ploj mus. Ib tug tuaj yeem hnov qab txog lub ntsiab lus qub ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab txav mus. Tab sis tam sim no cov lus dab neeg tau nquag nthuav tawm tias nws tsis raug siv -sh (a) los tsim feminitives precisely vim hais tias qhov no yog li cas poj niam denoted. Tsis muaj leej twg hais ntxiv lawm! Thaum koj hnov lo lus "tus kws kho mob", koj puas sawv cev tus kws kho mob tus poj niam lossis tus poj niam kws kho mob? Puas yog manicurist tus poj niam ntawm manicure? Qhov no yog tag nrho yav dhau los.

Lub ntsiab lus tau hloov nws lub ntsiab lus. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov lus hais (natural, qhov twg tag nrho cov cai ntawm cov lus yog manifested nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntshiab daim ntawv), tsim ntawm feminitives nrog -sh (a) yog nrov heev. Txawm li cas los xij, lub siab subconscious yuam kom ntau tus neeg kom tsis txhob muaj cov lus xaus no, vim tias nws yog ib qho kev xav ntawm kev tsim tsa yawg suab.

Tub ntxhais kawm thiab ncaws pob

Tom qab: -k (a).

Cov lus sib tham tshaj plaws thiab nthuav tshaj plaws hnub no. Nrog nws, koj tuaj yeem tau txais feminitives hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej:

• los ntawm cov lus tsis muaj cov lus xaus;
• los ntawm cov lus nrog cov lus tom qab -ist, -ets, -in, -an, -ik, -ak, -ach, -ich, -it, -ant / ent, -shift, -ish, -tyay, -ey, -er, -er, -oner / ir, -ar, -an;
• los ntawm cov ntawv luv.

Piv txwv li: menyuam kawm ntawv, neeg sau xov xwm, ncaws pob, activist, violinist, revolutionary, programmer. Muaj ib qho kev kawm sau ntawv "ACADEMOS" hauv cov phau ntawv txhais lus niaj hnub thiab cov lus xws li "tus kws lij choj", "tus kws kho hniav", "linguist", "cosmonaut".

Lub ntsiab lus -k (a) yog stylistically nruab nrab. Nws yog nws qhov nruab nrab thiab kev tsim khoom siab heev uas tau los ua qhov laj thawj rau kev siv nws hauv cov feminitives tshiab.

Txhua yam zoo li muaj laj thawj, yog vim li cas nws thiaj ntxhov siab rau ntau tus?

Ib tug neeg pom nyob rau hauv nws lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug understatement, uas yuav tsum offend. Tom qab tag nrho, ib daim duab yog ib daim duab me me, thiab tus cwj mem yog ib txhais tes me me. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev pom no yog ib sab heev. Lub ntsiab lus -k- muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus, txhua tus neeg hais lus tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv. Puas yog tus menyuam kawm ntawv me? Puas yog Muscovite me ntsis Muscovite? Tau kawg tsis.

Ib tug neeg tsis nyiam qhov tseeb tias cov feminitives tshiab suab zoo ib yam li cov lus luv luv ntawm cov lus: ib qho kev koom tes yog ib qho kev koom tes, tus thawj coj yog tus thawj coj ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab. Meanwhile, homonymy tau ntev muaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus. Finca thiab Bulgarian tsis yog tsuas yog haiv neeg, tab sis kuj yog cov cuab yeej siv. Peb ua neej nyob nrog nws. Thiab tsis tsuas yog feminitives ua txhaum nrog qhov no. Peb muaj cov dos-zaub, dos-npau taws thiab dos-duab. Key-master, key-source thiab treble clef. Lub braid yog txiav plaub hau, braid yog ib qho cuab yeej thiab xuab zeb bar. Hauv cov ntsiab lus, txhua tus neeg hais lus zoo tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm homonyms.

Tab sis tseem muaj teeb meem hais lus nrog "K-feminitives". Muaj cov qauv hauv qab no: yog tias cov lus qiv hauv - lossis, -ep, -ar qhov kev ntxhov siab poob rau ntawm lub suab kawg, ces feminitives yog ua tau ob qho tib si nrog -sh (a) thiab nrog -k (a); Yog hais tias lub suab lus kawg tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab hauv cov lus qiv hauv - lossis thiab -er, ces "tus nplaig nug" -sh (a).

Tus tuav ntaub ntawv yog tus tuav ntaub ntawv.

Banker yog banker.

Ib tug revolutionary yog ib tug revolutionary.

Ib tug dreamer yog ib tug dreamer.

Tab sis!

Tus sau yog tus sau, tsis yog tus sau.

blogger yog blogger, tsis yog blogger.

Qhov no yog li cas linguists piav qhia cov pej xeem tsis nyiam rau cov feminitives tshiab, piv txwv li, I. Fufayeva. Pani tus sau, los yog Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sim tsis sib xws nrog Lavxias teb sab lus / Trinity version Irina Fufayeva, Ph. D. nyob rau hauv Philology, kws tshawb fawb ntawm Lavxias teb sab State Humanitarian University, tus sau phau ntawv Yuav ua li cas yog cov poj niam. Feminitives: keeb kwm, qauv, kev sib tw”.

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov nthuav dav. Hauv phau ntawv txhais lus, peb pom cov lus "varvarka", "kho kho", "combiner", uas ua txhaum txoj cai no. "Varvarka", tau kawg, yog tsim los ntawm lo lus tsis nyob rau hauv -ar, tab sis nyob rau hauv -ar, tab sis qhov no yog kom meej meej ib yam dab tsi nyob ze, thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no yog nyob rau hauv Reference and Information Portal GRAMOTA.ru ntawm thawj lub suab. Tab sis "kho kho" yog tsim los ntawm lub npe nyob rau hauv -ar, thiab, txawm hais tias cov dictionaries qhia ob variants ntawm kev nyuaj siab raws li tau txais, kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv thawj lub suab yog pom zoo (xws li, piv txwv li, MV Zarva. Lavxias teb sab lus kev nyuaj siab. ntawm cov npe nrov, hauv phau ntawv txhais lus "Russian verbal accent" M. V. Zarva, tsom rau cov neeg ua haujlwm xov xwm). "Kombaynerka" yog tsim los ntawm lo lus -er, thiab Zarva phau ntawv txhais lus tau pom zoo los ntawm M. V. Zarva. Lavxias teb sab lus stress. Dictionary of common nouns to put stress on "a".

Nws kuj tseem xav paub tias qee tus ntawm cov uas thaum xub thawj tsis txaus siab rau "tus sau" thiab "bloggers" thaum kawg tau siv rau lawv. Tej zaum qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm tus cwj pwm? Los ntawm "tus tswj" thiab "tus neeg xa xov liaison" lawv kuj ib zaug spat.