Txhua yam koj yuav tsum paub txog hluav taws xob

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Nyob rau hnub tseem ceeb ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, tib neeg txhua xyoo nug cov lus nug: tej zaum nws tsim nyog kaw tag nrho cov chaw nres tsheb, txwv tsis pub sim thiab siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob? hluav taws xob yog dab tsi? Yuav ua li cas thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi koob tshuaj nws cuam tshuam rau ib tug neeg? Puas muaj hluav taws xob raug zam hauv lub neej niaj hnub? Peb teb cov lus nug no thiab lwm cov lus nug txog hluav taws xob hauv peb tsab xov xwm.

hluav taws xob yog dab tsi thiab nws tuaj qhov twg los

Lo lus "radiation" feem ntau nkag siab tias ionizing hluav taws xob cuam tshuam nrog cov hluav taws xob tawg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm non-ionizing hom hluav taws xob: electromagnetic thiab ultraviolet.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm hluav taws xob yog:

• natural radioactive tshuaj nyob ib ncig ntawm thiab nyob rau hauv peb - 73%;
• cov txheej txheem kho mob (fluoroscopy thiab lwm yam) - 13%;
• cosmic hluav taws xob - 14%.

Tau kawg, muaj technogenic qhov chaw ntawm cov pa phem uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov xwm txheej loj. Cov no yog cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau tib neeg, vim hais tias, xws li hauv kev tawg nuclear, iodine (J-131), cesium (Cs-137) thiab strontium (tsuas yog Sr-90) tuaj yeem tso tawm. Riam phom-qib plutonium (Pu-241) thiab nws cov khoom lwj tsis muaj kev phom sij tsawg.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis txhob hnov qab tias 40 xyoo dhau los lub ntiaj teb huab cua tau kis kab mob hnyav heev nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm atomic thiab hydrogen foob pob. Ntawm chav kawm, lub sijhawm tam sim no, cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob poob qis tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim, piv txwv li, thaum muaj hluav taws kub tawg. Tab sis, ntawm qhov tod tes, fission ntawm ib tug nqi hluav taws xob thaum lub sij hawm tawg ua ib tug xov tooj cua isotope carbon-14 nrog ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 5,730 xyoo. Cov tawg tau hloov pauv cov ntsiab lus sib npaug ntawm carbon-14 hauv huab cua los ntawm 2.6%. Tam sim no, qhov nruab nrab zoo sib npaug ntawm cov koob tshuaj vim yog cov khoom tawg yog kwv yees li 1 mrem / xyoo, uas yog kwv yees li 1% ntawm cov koob tshuaj vim yog lub ntuj tawg.

Lub zog yog lwm qhov laj thawj rau qhov hnyav ntawm radionuclides hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu. Cov coals bituminous siv nyob rau hauv CHP nroj tsuag muaj ib txwm tshwm sim radioactive hais xws li poov tshuaj-40, uranium-238 thiab thorium-232. Cov koob tshuaj txhua xyoo hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov thee hluav taws xob CHP yog 0.5-5 mrem / xyoo. Los ntawm txoj kev, nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag yog characterized los ntawm emissions qis.

Yuav luag txhua tus neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb tau txais cov txheej txheem kho mob siv qhov chaw ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob. Tab sis qhov no yog ib lo lus nug nyuaj dua, uas peb yuav rov qab mus rau me ntsis tom qab.

Nyob rau hauv dab tsi units yog hluav taws xob ntsuas

Cov chav sib txawv yog siv los ntsuas tus nqi hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Hauv cov tshuaj, sievert yog qhov tseem ceeb - ib koob tshuaj sib npaug tau txais hauv ib txoj kev los ntawm tag nrho lub cev. Nws yog nyob rau hauv sieverts ib chav tsev lub sij hawm uas cov theem ntawm lub keeb kwm yav dhau hluav taws xob ntsuas. Becquerel yog ib chav ntsuas ntsuas hluav taws xob ntawm dej, av, thiab lwm yam, ib chav tsev ntim.

Lwm cov ntsuas ntsuas tuaj yeem pom hauv lub rooj.

Lub sij hawm	Chav tsev		Unit ratio	Txhais
	SI	Nyob rau hauv lub qub system
Kev ua si	Becquerel, IB	Curie, Kev	1 x 3.7 x 1010 Bq	Tus naj npawb ntawm radioactive decays ib unit ntawm lub sij hawm
Tus nqi noj tshuaj	Sievert ib teev, Sv / h	X-ray ib teev, R / h	1 μR / h = 0.01 μSv / h	Radiation theem ib unit ntawm lub sij hawm
Absorbed koob tshuaj	Grey, Gr	Radian, zoo siab	1 TZS = 0.01 Gy	Tus nqi ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hloov mus rau ib qho khoom tshwj xeeb
koob tshuaj zoo	Sivert, Sv	Rem	1 TZS = 0.01 Sv	Radiation koob tshuaj, noj mus rau hauv tus account txawv rhiab heev ntawm lub cev mus rau hluav taws xob

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Radiation yuav tshwm sim

Kev raug hluav taws xob rau tib neeg yog hu ua hluav taws xob. Nws qhov tshwm sim tseem ceeb yog mob hluav taws xob mob hnyav, uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov hnyav. Kev mob hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tshwm sim nws tus kheej nrog rau qhov sib npaug ntawm 1 sievert. Ib koob tshuaj 0.2 sieverts ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm mob qog noj ntshav, thaum koob tshuaj 3 sieverts hem lub neej ntawm tus neeg raug mob.

Kev mob hluav taws xob tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv cov tsos mob hauv qab no: poob lub zog, raws plab, xeev siab thiab ntuav; qhuav, hacking hnoos; mob plawv.

Tsis tas li ntawd, hluav taws xob ua rau hluav taws xob hlawv. Cov koob tshuaj loj heev ua rau cov tawv nqaij tuag, ua rau cov leeg thiab cov pob txha puas tsuaj, uas kho ntau dua li cov tshuaj lom neeg los yog thermal hlawv. Nrog rau kub hnyiab, kab mob metabolic, kab mob sib kis, hluav taws xob tsis muaj menyuam, thiab hluav taws xob cataracts yuav tshwm sim.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm irradiation tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau lawv tus kheej ntev ntev - qhov no yog qhov hu ua stochastic nyhuv. Nws tau qhia nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias qhov zaus ntawm qee cov qog nqaij hlav tuaj yeem nce ntawm cov neeg raug. Hauv txoj kev xav, kev cuam tshuam ntawm caj ces kuj tuaj yeem ua tau, tab sis txawm tias ntawm 78,000 tus menyuam yaus Nyij Pooj uas tau dim ntawm kev foob pob atomic ntawm Hiroshima thiab Nagasaki, tsis muaj qhov nce ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob. Thiab qhov no yog txawm tias qhov tseeb tias cov teebmeem ntawm hluav taws xob muaj zog dua rau kev faib cov hlwb, yog li ntawd, hluav taws xob muaj kev phom sij ntau dua rau cov menyuam yaus dua li cov neeg laus.

Lub sij hawm luv luv-dose irradiation, siv rau kev kuaj xyuas thiab kho qee yam kab mob, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hu ua hormesis. Qhov no yog qhov stimulation ntawm txhua lub cev ntawm lub cev los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud uas tsis txaus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov teeb meem tsis zoo. Cov nyhuv no tso cai rau lub cev kom muaj zog.

Raws li kev txheeb cais, hluav taws xob tuaj yeem nce qib ntawm oncology, tab sis nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los txheeb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm hluav taws xob, cais nws los ntawm kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj phem, kab mob thiab lwm yam. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tom qab lub foob pob ntawm Hiroshima, thawj cov teebmeem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nce nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov kab mob pib tshwm sim tsuas yog tom qab 10 xyoo los yog ntau tshaj. Mob qog noj ntshav ntawm cov thyroid caj pas, lub mis thiab qee qhov ntawm cov hnyuv yog cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau hluav taws xob.

Dab tsi yog qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai hluav taws xob koob tshuaj

Cov hluav taws xob keeb kwm yav dhau yog ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 0.1-0.2 μSv / h. Nws ntseeg tau tias qhov keeb kwm yav dhau los tsis tu ncua saum toj no 1.2 μSv / h yog qhov txaus ntshai rau tib neeg (nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub qhov txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tam sim ntawd thiab cov keeb kwm yav dhau los tas li). Qhov no puas ntau? Rau kev sib piv: cov hluav taws xob theem ntawm qhov deb ntawm 20 km ntawm Japanese nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag "Fukushima-1" thaum lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev huam yuaj tshaj li tus qauv los ntawm 1,600 lub sij hawm. Qhov siab tshaj plaws kaw hluav taws xob ntawm qhov kev ncua deb yog 161 μSv / h. Tom qab tawg ntawm Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, cov hluav taws xob theem mus txog ntau txhiab microsieverts ib teev.

Thaum lub sij hawm 2-3-teev ya davhlau hla thaj chaw huv si, ib tug neeg tau txais hluav taws xob ntawm 20-30 µSv. Tib koob tshuaj hluav taws xob hem yog tias ib tus neeg tau ua 10-15 daim duab hauv ib hnub nrog lub tshuab X-ray niaj hnub - visiograph. Ob peb teev nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub cathode ray monitor lossis TV muab tib lub koob tshuaj hluav taws xob raws li ib daim duab. Qhov koob tshuaj txhua xyoo los ntawm kev haus luam yeeb, ib luam yeeb ib hnub - 2, 7 mSv. Ib qho fluorography - 0.6 mSv, ib qho hluav taws xob - 1.3 mSv, ib qho fluoroscopy - 5 mSv. Cov hluav taws xob los ntawm cov phab ntsa pob zeb - txog li 3 mSv ib xyoos twg.

Thaum irradiating tag nrho lub cev thiab rau thawj pab pawg neeg tseem ceeb (lub plawv, ntsws, hlwb, pancreas, thiab lwm yam), cov ntaub ntawv tswj tau tsim qhov siab tshaj plaws koob tshuaj ntawm 50,000 μSv (5 rem) ib xyoos twg.

Kev mob hluav taws xob mob hnyav tshwm sim ntawm ib koob tshuaj ntawm 1,000,000 μSv (25,000 cov fluorographs, 1,000 txha nraub qaum x-rays hauv ib hnub). Cov koob tshuaj loj muaj qhov muaj zog dua:

• 750,000 μSv - luv luv insignificant hloov nyob rau hauv cov ntshav muaj pes tsawg leeg;
• 1,000,000 μSv - mob me me hluav taws xob;
• 4,500,000 μSv - mob hluav taws xob hnyav (50% ntawm cov neeg raug mob tuag);
• txog 7,000,000 μSv - tuag.

Kev kuaj X-ray puas txaus ntshai?

Feem ntau, peb tab tom ntsib hluav taws xob thaum lub sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov koob tshuaj uas peb tau txais hauv cov txheej txheem yog me me uas peb yuav tsum tsis txhob ntshai ntawm lawv. Lub sij hawm raug nrog lub qub X-ray apparatus yog 0.5-1.2 vib nas this. Thiab nrog lub visiograph niaj hnub, txhua yam tshwm sim 10 zaug sai dua: hauv 0.05-0.3 vib nas this.

Raws li cov kev cai kho mob tau teev tseg, thaum lub sij hawm tiv thaiv kev kho mob X-ray cov txheej txheem, cov tshuaj tawg yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 1,000 μSv ib xyoos twg. Ntau npaum li cas hauv cov duab? Ib me ntsis ntawm:

• 500 pom cov duab (2–3 µSv) tau txais nrog lub xov tooj cua;
• 100 ntawm tib cov duab, tab sis siv cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo (10-15 µSv);
• 80 digital orthopantomograms (13-17 µSv);
• 40 zaj duab xis orthopantomograms (25-30 µSv);
• 20 suav tomograms (45-60 µSv).

Ntawd yog, yog tias txhua hnub, thoob plaws lub xyoo, peb muab ib daim duab ntawm visiograph, ntxiv ob peb lub computer tomograms thiab tib tus naj npawb ntawm orthopantomograms rau qhov no, ces txawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb yuav tsis mus dhau qhov tso cai.

Leej twg yuav tsum tsis txhob irradiated

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov neeg uas txawm tias hom hluav taws xob zoo li no tau txwv nruj heev. Raws li cov qauv pom zoo nyob rau hauv Russia (), hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm X-ray yuav ua tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cev xeeb tub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm qhov teeb meem ntawm rho menyuam los yog xav tau kev kho mob xwm txheej ceev los yog xwm ceev yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab..

Nqe 7.18 ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais tias: "X-ray kuaj ntawm cov poj niam cev xeeb tub yog ua los ntawm kev siv txhua txoj hauv kev thiab kev tiv thaiv kom cov koob tshuaj tau txais los ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab tsis pub tshaj 1 mSv hauv ob lub hlis ntawm cev xeeb tub tsis tau kuaj pom. Yog tias tus menyuam hauv plab tau txais koob tshuaj ntau dua 100 mSv, tus kws kho mob yuav tsum ceeb toom tus neeg mob txog qhov tshwm sim thiab pom zoo kom txiav cev xeeb tub."

Cov tub ntxhais hluas uas yuav los ua niam txiv yav tom ntej yuav tsum kaw thaj tsam plab thiab qhov chaw mos los ntawm hluav taws xob. X-ray hluav taws xob muaj feem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov qe ntshav thiab cov kab mob. Hauv cov menyuam yaus, feem ntau, tag nrho lub cev yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas, tshwj tsis yog rau thaj chaw uas tab tom kawm, thiab kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau ua tsuas yog tsim nyog thiab raws li kws kho mob qhia.

Sergey Nelyubin Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas X-ray Diagnostics ntawm N. N. B. V. Petrovsky, Tus Neeg Sib Tw ntawm Kev Kho Mob Sciences, Associate Professor

Yuav tiv thaiv koj tus kheej li cas

Muaj peb txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv X-rays: kev tiv thaiv lub sijhawm, kev tiv thaiv kev deb thiab kev tiv thaiv. Qhov ntawd yog, qhov tsawg dua koj nyob rau hauv X-ray ntau thiab qhov deb koj nyob ntawm qhov chaw hluav taws xob, qhov qis dua cov tshuaj hluav taws xob.

Txawm hais tias qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob raug suav nrog rau ib xyoos, nws tseem tsis tsim nyog ua ntau qhov kev kuaj X-ray nyob rau tib hnub, piv txwv li, fluorography thiab mammography. Zoo, txhua tus neeg mob yuav tsum muaj daim ntawv hla tebchaws hluav taws xob (nws tau muab tso rau hauv daim npav kho mob): hauv nws, tus kws kho hluav taws xob nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov koob tshuaj tau txais thaum txhua qhov kev kuaj mob.

Radiography feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov qog endocrine, lub ntsws. Tib yam siv rau cov tshuaj me me ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv kev sib tsoo thiab kev tso tawm ntawm cov tshuaj nquag. Yog li ntawd, raws li kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, cov kws kho mob pom zoo kom ua pa ua pa. Lawv yuav pab ntxuav lub ntsws thiab ua kom lub cev reserves.

Txhawm rau normalize cov txheej txheem sab hauv ntawm lub cev thiab tshem tawm cov khoom tsis zoo, nws tsim nyog noj ntau cov tshuaj antioxidants: cov vitamins A, C, E (liab wine, txiv hmab txiv ntoo). Qos yaj ywm, tsev cheese, mis nyuj, qhob cij, bran, oatmeal, mov uas tsis tau ua tiav, thiab prunes muaj txiaj ntsig.

Yog tias cov khoom noj khoom haus ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb, koj tuaj yeem siv cov lus pom zoo rau cov neeg nyob hauv cheeb tsam cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag.

Cov khoom	Cov txheej txheem los txo cov kab mob sib kis	Kev txo cov pa phem
Qos yaj ywm, txiv lws suav, cucumbers	Yaug hauv dej ntws	5-7 zaug
Zaub qhwv	Tshem tawm cov nplooj npog	Mus txog 40 zaus
Beets, carrots, turnips	Txiav lub corolla ntawm lub hauv paus qoob loo	15-20 zaug
Qos yaj ywm	Ntxuav lub tuber ntxuav	2x ua
Barley, oats (grain)	Peeling, tshem cov yeeb yaj kiab	10-15 zaug

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Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag vim muaj kev sib tsoo lossis hauv thaj chaw muaj kab mob, yuav tsum tau ua ntau heev. Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum tau ua kom tshem tawm cov kab mob: sai thiab raug tshem tawm cov khaub ncaws thiab khau nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, pov tseg kom zoo, lossis tsawg kawg tshem cov plua plav hluav taws xob los ntawm koj cov khoom thiab cov chaw nyob ib puag ncig. Nws yog txaus los ntxuav lub cev thiab khaub ncaws (sib cais) nyob rau hauv dej khiav siv detergents.

Khoom noj khoom haus thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob yog siv ua ntej lossis tom qab raug hluav taws xob. Cov tshuaj paub zoo tshaj plaws yog siab hauv iodine, uas yuav pab tiv thaiv cov teebmeem tsis zoo ntawm nws cov isotope radioactive, nyob rau hauv cov thyroid caj pas. Yuav kom thaiv tsub zuj zuj ntawm tej cesium thiab tiv thaiv kom txhob theem nrab kev puas tsuaj, kev siv "poov tshuaj orotat". Calcium supplements deactivate radioactive strontium npaj los ntawm 90%. Dimethyl sulfide yog pom los tiv thaiv cellular qauv thiab DNA.

Los ntawm txoj kev, lub npe hu ua activated carbon yuav neutralize cov teebmeem ntawm hluav taws xob. Thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm haus vodka tam sim ntawd tom qab irradiation tsis yog txhua yam lus dab neeg. Nws yeej pab kom tshem tawm cov isotopes radioactive los ntawm lub cev hauv qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws.

Tsuas yog tsis txhob hnov qab: kev kho tus kheej yuav tsum tau nqa tawm tsuas yog tias nws tsis tuaj yeem sab laj nrog kws kho mob raws sijhawm thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, thiab tsis tsim, hluav taws xob. Kev kuaj X-ray, saib TV lossis ya saum lub dav hlau tsis cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb.