8 "keeb kwm" qhov tseeb uas tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Debunking lwm pawg ntawm cov dab neeg hais txog Vikings-berserkers, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vlad Dracula thiab cov tsim ntawm lub pyramids.

1. Beethoven yug los rau ib tug poj niam uas muaj mob syphilis

Cov ntawv hauv qab no tau nthuav tawm hauv Internet ntev heev:

Yog tias koj ntsib ib tug poj niam cev xeeb tub uas twb muaj yim tus menyuam, peb ntawm lawv lag ntseg, ob leeg dig muag, ib tug yog neeg tsis txawj ntse, thiab tus poj niam nws tus kheej muaj mob syphilis, koj puas qhia nws kom rho menyuam? Yog koj teb tias yog, koj cia li tua Beethoven.

Thaj, tus sau tab tom sim qhia rau peb tias txhua lub neej tseem ceeb, kev rho menyuam tsis zoo, "Vajtswv muab ib tug luav" thiab lwm yam. Tsuas yog qhov piv txwv no yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb. Cov lus dab neeg Beethoven yog debunked los ntawm Vajtswv raws li ib tug illusion nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv Vajtswv raws li ib tug illusion los ntawm Richard Dawkins.

Beethoven tsis yog tus thib cuaj, tab sis tus menyuam thib ob. Thiab nws tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg zoo. Ludwig niam, Maria Keverich, muaj 22 xyoo, thiab nws tsis raug mob syphilis. Beethoven tus tij laug laus tuag thaum yau, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov hnub nws yog, hmoov tsis, ntau. Tsis muaj pov thawj tias nws dig muag, lag ntseg, lossis kev puas hlwb.

Muaj tseeb tiag, Beethoven niam tiag tiag tuag tom qab muaj mob ntev, tau cog lus tuberculosis. Tab sis nws nyuam qhuav tshwm sim 17 xyoo tom qab yug los ntawm yav tom ntej composer.

2. Tus tsim ntawm guillotine raug tua rau nws

Lub guillotine tau tsim

Fab Kis kws phais mob thiab kws kho mob physiologist Antoine Louis thiab German engineer Tobias Schmidt. Lawv tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm ib qho khoom siv ua ntej siv rau decapitation hauv Scotland thiab Ireland (lub npe hu ua "Scottish Maiden".

Thaum pib, lub tshuab decapitation tau hu ua louisette, tab sis xyoo 1789 tus kws kho mob Fab Kis Joseph Guillotin tau nthuav tawm rau Fabkis National Assembly, thiab nws lub npe daig rau nws.

Nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd, cov neeg raug txim raug txiav txim los ntawm txoj kev phem heev: lawv raug hlawv ciaj sia, strangled, quartered - feem ntau, lawv muaj kev lom zem raws li lawv ua tau. Tus kws kho mob zoo tawm ntawm philanthropy txiav txim siab los daws kev txom nyem ntawm cov neeg raug txim, uas nws tau hais kom siv cov cuab yeej no.

Muaj ib zaj dab neeg uas Guillotin nws tus kheej raug txiav los ntawm nws lub tsheb.

Xws li zaj dab neeg, pom tseeb, yog tsim los qhia peb cov kev xav hauv lub siab ntawm "tsis txhob khawb ib lub qhov rau lwm tus thiab tsis txhob tsim riam phom tua neeg, txwv tsis pub koj tus kheej yuav poob rau hauv lawv." Tab sis qhov tseeb, Dr. Guillotin tau dim ntawm lub kiv puag ncig kom nyab xeeb thiab tuag ib qho kev tuag nyob rau hauv 1814. Yog li nws tsis tau dhau los ua tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm guillotine lossis nws cov neeg raug tsim txom.

Tej zaum qhov lus dab neeg no yog qhov rov ua dua ntawm zaj dab neeg qub txog tus thawj coj Greek, tus neeg tua neeg Falaris, uas thawb nws cov yeeb ncuab rau hauv ib lub pob zeb tooj liab ntawm ib tug nyuj thiab ci rau ntawd ciaj sia. Ntxim li ntawd vim yog lawv lub suab quaj zoo nkaus li tus nyuj quaj. Falaris yog thawj tus uas ci tus tsim ntawm qhov kev tua riam phom, tus kws ntaus hlau Perilaya, tsuas yog sim cov khoom. Thiab tom qab lub overthrow ntawm tyrant, nws tus kheej raug xa mus rau tus nyuj.

Ovid tau sau tseg txog qhov no. Ib., 437; Cov khoom. II. 25, 12; Pliny tus Txwj Laug. Ntuj keeb kwm. XXXIV, 89 Diodorus Siculus, Pliny tus Txwj Laug thiab ob peb lwm tus neeg keeb kwm yav dhau los, tab sis qhov kev tshwm sim zoo li cas, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais. Ntau lub sij hawm dhau lawm, koj paub.

3. Cov neeg Loos ntuav ntuav kom noj ntxiv

Muaj kev ntseeg dav dav tias cov neeg Roman patricians nyob zoo heev. Thiab cov me nyuam ua tau zoo no muaj chav tshwj xeeb hauv lawv lub tsev teev ntuj - ntuav.

Dab tsi rau? Nej noj ntau dhau lawm ces nej tsis xis nyob, thiab lub tsiab peb caug tseem nyob puv puv nkaus xwb, tsuas yog tus thib ob tau coj los lawm xwb. Koj mus rau ntuav, ua rau ntuav, ntuav koj lub plab - thiab koj tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv noj nrog lub siab ntshiab.

Ntxiv dua thiab, txoj kev no koj tuaj yeem noj ntau thiab tsis rog. Roman "emetic noj".

Tab sis qhov no yog lus dab neeg, nyob rau hauv ancient Rome tsis muaj xws li chav. Vomitoria muaj consonance nrog cov lus Askiv ntuav (ntuav), tab sis qhov tseeb qhov no yog polysemantic Latin lo lus vomō, vomere, lub ntsiab lus "kom ejaculate."

Vomitoria yog cov kab hauv amphitheatres thiab chaw ntau pob uas tso cai rau cov neeg coob coob tuaj yeem nqa lawv lub rooj sai sai thiab tawm mus tom qab qhov yeeb yam tiav. Tsis muaj leej twg tshwj xeeb ua rau ntuav nyob ntawd.

4. Vlad Dracula ua phem kawg nkaus

Lub npe Dracula paub txawm tias cov neeg uas tsis xav txog keeb kwm - tus kws sau ntawv Bram Stoker tau siv nws hauv nws qhov kev ntseeg tshiab, tsim cov duab ntawm cov neeg vampire siab phem suav. Tus qauv ntawm tus ghoul yog ib tug neeg keeb kwm tiag tiag.

Nws lub npe yog Vlad III Basarab, lub npe menyuam yaus yog Dracul (Dracul, "tus tub ntawm zaj", tau txais los ntawm nws txiv, Vlad II, tus tswvcuab ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Zaj) thiab Tepes (los ntawm Romanian țeapă, " ceg txheem ntseeg", uas yog, "Stake planter"). Nobleman muaj yeeb yuj nyob rau hauv 1448, 1456-1462 thiab 1476 yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Wallachia, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm niaj hnub Romania.

Nws yog nto moo rau kev ua tej yam defiant heev, txawm los ntawm cov qauv ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Piv txwv li, nws ntsia lub kaus mom ntawm txawv teb chaws Ambassadors uas tsis xav kom lawv taub hau nyob rau hauv nws lub xub ntiag. Kuv muab ntau txhiab tus neeg tso rau ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg, thiab tom qab ntawd noj mov ib puag ncig ntawm cov neeg tuag rotting. Nws hlawv cov neeg thov khawv, ntxias lawv mus rau hauv lub tsev teb, tom qab cog lus tias yuav pub rau lawv. Nws muab daim tawv nqaij los ntawm cov poj niam uas tsis ncaj ncees, thiab txiav cov neeg ncaj ncees txhais tes, tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm xaws.

Thiab nws kuj rub tawm cov tis ntawm cov noog thiab muab cov nas tso rau ntawm cov khoom ua si pegs. Cov ntsiab lus ntxiv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv "Cov Lus dab neeg ntawm Dracula lub Voivode" ntawm 1486.

Tab sis qhov tseeb, cov lus xaiv txog kev ua phem ntawm tus tswv xeev Wallachian yog me ntsis exaggerated. Tsis yog, nws, ntawm chav kawm, tua neeg … Tab sis nws tsis tau ua nws ntau zaus thiab tsis muaj sophisticated ntau tshaj li feem ntau ntawm cov rulers ntawm nws lub sij hawm.

Cov neeg keeb kwm feem ntau xav txog Vlad III Basaraba yog ib tus thawj coj uas tau tso tseg qhov kev xav ntawm Wallachian boyars (los ntawm kev tso ib lub kaum rau ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg, tsis yog 20,000 txhiab, raws li qee tus neeg thov). Nws tau ua tiav kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Ottoman Empire, uas tau them se rau ib nrab ntawm Tebchaws Europe, thiab xaus kev ntseeg kev sib cav ntawm Catholics, Orthodox Christians thiab Protestants. Feem ntau, nws tau muab cov khoom tso rau hauv Wallachia, thiab tseem txo qis qhov kev ua txhaum cai. Muaj tseeb tiag, nws tsis tshua muab lub khob kub tso rau ntawm qhov dej.

Cov duab tsis zoo ntawm Dracula hauv keeb kwm tau tshwm sim ua tsaug rau ib zaj dab neeg tsis qhia npe German "Hais txog tus neeg phem hu ua Dracula thiab yog tus tswv xeev ntawm Wallachia." Tsis muaj cov kev xav tsis muaj tseeb uas tau sau los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm cov nom tswv tawm tsam ntawm tus tub huabtais.

Dracula tsis nyob ntawm no. Bran Castle, Transylvania. Duab: Toodor Bozhinov / Wikimedia Commons

Dracula nyob ntawm no. Lub tsev pob zeb qub tshaj plaws hauv lub nroog Sighisoara, qhov chaw Tepes yug. Duab: Qbotcenko / Wikimedia Commons

Thiab yog, Bran Castle, uas yog hu ua "Dracula's Castle", tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog nws. Ntawm no.

5. Cov fantasizing txog qhov chaw ya davhlau nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws raug exiled mus rau Baikonur

Nws yog los ntawm Baikonur cosmodrome uas tus txiv neej thawj zaug ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw. Cov lus qhia hauv qab no tau nthuav tawm hauv Internet:

Bourgeois Nikifor Nikitin yuav tsum raug xa mus rau Kyrgyz thaj chaw ntawm Baikonur rau kev hais lus tsis txaus ntseeg txog kev ya mus rau lub hli.

"Moskovskie gubernskie vedomosti", 1848

Zoo kawg coincidence, txoj cai? Tsis muaj.

Qhov tseeb, tsis muaj leej twg raug ntiab tawm mus rau ib qho Baikonur. Zaj dab neeg no tau tsim los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Dnepropetrovsk Keeb Kwm Tsev khaws puav pheej los ntawm lub npe Pimenov. Nws tau lees tias nws tau tsim thiab xyoo 1974 tau tshaj tawm zaj dab neeg no hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Dnepr Vecherny" tsuas yog rau kev tso dag xwb. Tsis muaj dab tsi hais txog Baikonur nyob rau hauv thawj qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm Moskovskie gubernskiye vedomosti.

6. Cleopatra tua nws tus hlub

Licentiousness ntawm tus poj huab tais kawg ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, Cleopatra, ua ke nrog nws txoj kev zoo nkauj, tau dhau los ua lus dab neeg tiag tiag. Nws liam tias muaj kev lom zem txhua zaus nrog tus hlub tshiab, tua tus dhau los. Hais txog qhov no, peb tus kws sau paj huam tau sau tias:

Leej twg yuav pib muaj kev sib cav sib ceg?

Kuv muag kuv txoj kev hlub;

Qhia rau kuv: leej twg yuav yuav ntawm koj

Ntawm tus nqi ntawm kuv lub neej kuv hmo ntuj?

Alexander Pushkin, "Egyptian Nights"

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev lees paub tiag tiag ntawm qhov no. Hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los Sextus Aurelius Victor, cov hauv qab no tau hais txog Cleopatra:

Nws raug kev txom nyem heev uas nws feem ntau ua niam ntiav, thiab muaj qhov zoo nkauj uas muaj ntau tus txiv neej them nrog lawv txoj kev tuag rau kev muaj nws rau ib hmo.

"Hais txog cov neeg nto moo"

Tsuas yog muaj qhov ua tau tias qhov tawg no tau muab tso rau ntawd los ntawm tus sau tsis qhia npe ntawm lub sijhawm qub qub. Vim tias cov neeg Loos tsis nyiam Cleopatra rau kev tawm tsam Octavian. Feem ntau, lwm cov lus dab neeg ntsim ntawm ntu "Thiab Empress Catherine II tau deev nrog nees."

Thiab yog, nws tsis yog qhov tseeb tias Cleopatra yog qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, vim nws feem ntau yuav yug los ntawm kev sib deev. Nws yog tus ntxhais ntawm huab tais Ptolemy XII Avlet thiab nws tus viv ncaus-tus poj niam Cleopatra V Tryphena - tag nrho raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm vaj ntxwv, thiaj li tsis ua kom cov ntshav muaj koob muaj npe. Yog li ntawd, yog Cleopatra tua nws exes, ces raws li tsis mus blab tawm hais tias tus huab tais, nyob ze kev soj ntsuam … tsis ntau heev.

7. Berserker Vikings noj yoov agarics los ua kev ua phem rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua

Berserkers tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg rog rog ntawm Vikings. Nws ntseeg tau tias cov txiv neej no tau frostbitten tias lawv maj nrawm mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua liab qab, nkaum qhov zoo tshaj plaws nrog daim tawv nqaij - yav tas los tshem tawm ntawm dais tua nrog cov hniav nkaus xwb. Firstly, nws demoralizes tus yeeb ncuab, thiab thib ob, nws yog ib txwm kub nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog berserkers.

Raws li txoj kev xav dav dav, lawv tau poob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua trance tom qab noj yoov agarics.

Ib tug [berserker] tuaj yeem ua rau nws cov yeeb ncuab hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua dhau los ua neeg dig muag lossis lag ntseg, lossis muaj kev ntshai heev, thiab lawv cov riam phom raug mob tsis muaj ntau tshaj li cov twigs, thiab nws cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua yam tsis muaj saw hlau, raging zoo li dev vwm lossis hma, tom lawv daim thaiv thiab muaj zog npaum li bears los yog bulls. Lawv tua neeg, thiab tsis muaj hluav taws lossis hlau ua rau lawv raug mob. Cov tub rog zoo li no tau hu ua berserkers.

Snorri Sturluson, The Yngling Saga

Tab sis ya agarics hauv Scandinavia yog tsawg heev, thiab ntxiv rau, lawv tsis ua rau tus cwj pwm nruj. Lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg los ntawm shamans los ua tus yaj saub tsis pom kev, tab sis yoov agaric yog contraindicated rau ib tug fighter. Nws tsis zoo li kev qaug cawv, kev hnov lus tsis txaus ntseeg, kev hloov xim tsis pom kev, ntuav, hyperthermia, nce hws, lub ntsej muag tawm, tshee, tshee tshee thiab convulsions, cov menyuam kawm ntawv dilated thiab delirium yuav pab tau koj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua.

Rau Karsten Fatur, ib tug ethnobotanist ntawm University of Ljubljana nyob rau hauv Slovenia, henbane, siv raws li ib tug narcotic, mob reliever, thiab kho rau insomnia, feem ntau yuav yog ib tug Berserker stimulant nyob rau hauv Vikings. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tsuas haus tau rau lub siab tawv ua ntej kev sib ntaus.

Tab sis cov no yog tag nrho cov kev xav - nws yog qhov ua tau tias lawv tau los ua berserkers tsis yog vim yog doping, tab sis tsuas yog vim lawv qhov kev ua phem hauv lub cev thiab tus cwj pwm phem. Vim li no, lawv tsis tau hlub nyob rau hauv kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb - leej twg xav tau kev puas siab puas ntsws nrog kev ntxhov siab tom qab kev ntxhov siab, leej twg tsis paub yuav ua li cas thiaj li muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj tsis yog yuav ua li cas txiav cov ceg ntawm tib neeg?

Lub npau taws ntawm berserkers tau tshwm sim sai sai no: lawv tsis nyiam ua haujlwm, tab sis lawv nquag tua neeg thiab kev siv dag zog. Lawv hais rau Vermund tias Jarl tau muab rau lawv rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, thiab tsis yog rau kev ua haujlwm. Lawv cov ntsuj plig tau qaug zog, thiab lawv tau dhau los ua lub nra rau Vermund. Tam sim no nws khuv xim nws thov ib yam khoom plig ntawm Jarl …

Wasteland dabneeg

Thiab nws tsis zoo li cov berserkers mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua liab qab. Lo lus serk hauv Scandinavians txhais tau tias "lub tsho", thiab berr tuaj yeem txhais tau tias "bearish" lossis "liab qab". "Lub tsho liab qab" yog lub npe ntawm cov neeg sib ntaus sib tua uas tsis muaj saw hlau, tab sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias lawv yuav tsum hle tag nrho lwm yam khaub ncaws.

Yog tias qhov kev xaiv "dawb lub tsho" yog qhov tseeb, nws txhais tau hais tias cov berserkers tuaj yeem hnav cov khaub ncaws zoo, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv tau zoo los ntawm kev txiav.

8. Cov neeg Iziv tsis tuaj yeem pom lub pob zeb thiab txav cov blocks rau cov pyramids

Egyptian pyramids yog shrouded nyob rau hauv mysteries thiab myths xwb, thiab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ntseeg hais tias lawv tsis tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv. Kev vam meej thaum ub ntawm Atlanteans, tau tsim ua ntej ntawm noob neej, neeg txawv teb chaws - tab sis leej twg, tab sis tsis yog cov neeg nyob hauv lub teb chaws Kemet.

Vim hais tias stacking loj pawg ntawm roughly hewn pob zeb yog heev nyuaj, yog.

Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov pyramids sib cav hais tias cov neeg Iyiv tsis tuaj yeem faib cov limestone rau txhua txoj kev, vim lawv tsis muaj cov cuab yeej hlau. Tab sis cov blocks uas lub qhov ntxa ntawm vaj ntxwv tau tsim yog li txawm tias rab riam yuav tsis haum rau hauv qhov khoob ntawm lawv! Pom tseeb, cov neeg zoo tib yam tsim tsis tau tej yam zoo li no.

Muaj tseeb tiag, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntev dhau los pom cov quarries uas cov neeg Iyiv mined pob zeb, thiab cov cuab yeej tooj liab thiab pob zeb khaws cia rau ntawd. Cov neeg ua haujlwm (tsis yog qhev) ntawm vaj ntxwv ua cov limestone nrog tooj liab chisels, ntoo mallets, pob zeb nodules thiab quartz xuab zeb. Thiab cov pob zeb nyuaj xws li granite, basalt lossis quartzite yog tsim nrog cov cuab yeej dolerite thiab flint. Muaj tseeb, muaj teeb meem ntau dua nrog lawv.

Cov blocks tau txav los ntawm kev rub, tom qab tau lubricated los yog ntub txoj kev nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lawv. Judging los ntawm lub fresco ntawm lub XII dynasty, nyob rau hauv uas 172 tus neeg rub tus pej thuam ntawm Jehutihotep II hnyav li 60 tons, ib tug ntoo sled yuav siv tau rau lub hom phiaj no. Txhawm rau txav nruab nrab ntawm qhov hnyav 2.5 tons, 8-10 tus neeg ua haujlwm yuav txaus.

Thiab yog, cov blocks nyob rau hauv lub pyramids tsis yog li nruj heev uas koj yuav tsis txawm stick ib rab riam nyob rau hauv - lawv tsuas yog fastened nrog plaster mortar. Nyob rau hauv cov kab nrib pleb uas tsis muaj kev daws teeb meem lossis qhov twg nws tau tawg, tsis zoo li riam - txhais tes yuav haum rau lub luj tshib. Txawm tias koj yog ib tug bodybuilder.