Vim li cas thiaj muaj kev sib cav ntau txog feminitives?

2024 Tus sau: Malcolm Clapton | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:58

Lawv yog dab tsi, lawv tuaj yeem siv tau thiab yog vim li cas qee qhov kev ntxhov siab heev.

Dab tsi yog feminitives rau?

Feminitives yog feminine nouns, feem ntau ua khub los yog zoo li txiv neej. Lawv qhia txog haiv neeg, kev ua pej xeem lossis chaw nyob (Japanese, Muscovite), kev ua haujlwm (tus kws sau xov xwm, kws qhia ntawv), thiab lwm yam.

Feminitives tsis yog kev tsim kho tshiab lossis cov khoom lag luam ntawm fempables. Lawv yeej ib txwm muaj Feminatives nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus: keeb kwm nam, thiab ntau ntawm lawv tau tsim tsis muaj kev twb kev txuas nrog lub "txiv neej" lub npe ntawm lub profession. Piv txwv li, tsis muaj khub sib raug rau lo lus "spinner", nws tau tsim ncaj qha los ntawm cov lus qhia "spin".

Tam sim no feminists, suav nrog cov uas tseem tsis tau muaj nyob hauv phau ntawv txhais lus, tau pib siv cov feminists. Ntau kilometers ntawm kev sib tham nyob rau hauv kev tes hauj lwm feem ntau flare nyob ib ncig ntawm cov lus txawv txawv. Txawm hais tias nws yuav yog ib qho yuam kev los hais tias txhua yam no tsuas yog tshwm sim tam sim no - thaum lub sijhawm 19th thiab 20th centuries, "poj niam cov tub ntxhais kawm", "cov kws qhia", "paramedics" thiab "aviators" kuj tau ntsib nrog kev tawm tsam. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias tib "cov tub ntxhais kawm" thiab "tus kws kho mob" uas ib zaug suav tias yog "newfangled" tau pib hauv cov lus Lavxias, lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv phau ntawv txhais lus.

Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm feminitives yog vim li cas ib yam dab tsi zoo li no. Kev sib cav txog dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb - lus lossis kev xav - tau tshwm sim txij li lub sijhawm Plato. Xyoo 1941, Benjamin Lee Whorf tau luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm "Language, Thinking and Reality", uas nws tau tsim lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev hais lus thiab hais tias lub ntiaj teb kev xav ntawm cov neeg sib txawv nyob ntawm cov lus lawv hais. Qhov kev xav tsis tau lees paub lossis tsis lees paub, tab sis ntau tus kws tshawb fawb pom zoo tias cov lus tsis yog qhia peb tus cwj pwm rau lub ntiaj teb, tab sis kuj ua rau nws. Lub tswv yim no tau xav txog hauv cov ntaub ntawv: nco ntsoov tsawg kawg "1984" los ntawm George Orwell, qhov twg los ntawm kev hloov cov ntsiab lus ("Kev ua tsov ua rog yog kev thaj yeeb, kev ywj pheej yog kev ua qhev, tsis paub yog lub hwj chim") cov tub ceev xwm tswj lub siab ntawm tib neeg.

Txoj kev uas peb hais, lo lus twg peb siv, tsis tsuas yog piav qhia txog qhov tseeb uas twb muaj lawm, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim siab kuj kwv yees yav tom ntej. Lavxias teb sab lus yog androcentric, uas yog, taw qhia rau ib tug txiv neej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog lub npe ntawm cov professions. "pilot" tshwm sim hauv ib khub nrog "pilot", "revolutionary" - nrog "revolutionary" thiab hais txog. Nws yuav yog ib qho laj thawj heev yog tias peb nyob hauv lub xyoo pua 18th - thaum tsis muaj poj niam xibfwb, thiab tsis muaj leej twg coj cov poj niam sau ntawv tiag. Yog tsis muaj phenomenon, tsis muaj lo lus. Tab sis tam sim no cov poj niam tuaj yeem - thiab ua - txhua txoj haujlwm, tshwj tsis yog, tej zaum, cov uas nyob hauv daim ntawv teev npe 456 txwv.

Hu rau tus tsav tsheb laij teb tus tsav tsheb laij teb, tus kws sau ntawv, kws sau ntawv, tus kws qhia ntawv, peb zoo li tshem cov poj niam no, tsis lees paub lawv txoj kev pab. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv sau tau zoo, cov lus hais txiv neej hauv kev xaiv cov haujlwm tuaj yeem siv rau ob tus txiv neej thiab poj niam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, hauv phau ntawv, hauv xov xwm. "Tus Thawj Coj Ivanova" yog ua tau, "tus thawj coj Ivanov" yog categorically tsis yooj yim sua, "tus thawj coj Ivanova" yog debatable. Txij li thaum yau peb tau siv rau qhov tseeb tias tus thawj coj, tus thawj coj, tus thawj tswj hwm yog zoo li nws yog ib tug txiv neej. Thiab cov laundresses, nannies thiab tu cov poj niam yog poj niam. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tus cwj pwm uas twb muaj lawm tseem nyob mus ntxiv: cov poj niam tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kos duab, tswj hwm lub teb chaws, kev tsav dav hlau. Tus cwj pwm tsis zoo tsis yog rau cov ntxhais xwb, uas tom qab ntawd pom tias nws nyuaj heev los kov yeej qhov tsis paub tseeb thiab txiav txim siab los ua pov thawj lawv tus kheej hauv cov xwm txheej "tsis yog poj niam", tab sis kuj rau tag nrho lub zej zog, uas yog li poob cov kws tshaj lij zoo.

Ib qho tsis ntev los no nrog Channel One thiab BlaBlaCar CEO Irina Raider zoo kawg nkaus qhia txog ob qho tib si kev xav tsis zoo txog poj niam thiab yuav ua li cas kev tsis lees paub poj niam tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nkag siab yuam kev. Hauv luv luv, tus editor ntawm Channel One tau caw CEO ua tus kws tshaj lij. Thiab thaum nws muab tawm hais tias tus thawj coj yog ib tug poj niam, qhov caw raug rho tawm vim "tus saib muaj stereotypes."

Tsis yog txhua tus pom zoo nrog qhov kev xav no. Kev sib tham ntawm cov ncauj lus no yuav ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog kev sib luag, hais txog qhov tseeb tias nws tsis yog qhov tsim nyog los qhia txog poj niam txiv neej ntawm tus kws tshaj lij, thiab hais txog qhov tseeb tias poj niam ua mob pob ntseg thiab tawm tsam cov cai ntawm Lavxias.

Puas yog feminitives los ntawm txoj cai?

Tsis muaj kev qhia meej meej ntawm qhov teeb meem no. Conventionally, feminitives tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov neeg uas twb tau pib hauv cov lus (cov tub ntxhais kawm, tus kws qhia ntawv, tus kws kos duab) thiab cov tshiab (piv txwv li, tus kws tshawb fawb, kws kho hlwb thiab txhua tus neeg nyiam tus kws sau ntawv, tus thawj tswj hwm, tus kws kho mob, tus lwm thawj). Cov poj niam zoo tsim muaj nyob rau hauv, lawv tau siv ntev, txawm tias tsis tas li - piv txwv li, hauv tsev kawm ntawv uas tsuas yog cov poj niam ua haujlwm, lawv tseem yuav ua kev zoo siab rau Xibhwb Hnub.

"Sau" thiab "philologist" hauv phau ntawv txhais lus, piv txwv li, nrhiav tsis tau. Tej zaum yuav zoo li lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob noj. Tab sis phau ntawv txhais lus tsis khaws cia thiab tsis tuaj yeem khaws nrog cov lus ntxiv. Cov lus "kev thab plaub", "ntev" thiab "tus thawj tswj hwm tus account" tsis yog nyob rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus sau, tab sis tsis tau muaj ib rooj plaub thaum tib neeg, vim yog cov neologisms, pib sib tham nrog ntau nplooj ntawv nrog kev thuam. Muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lo lus "tus menyuam kawm ntawv", uas tam sim no nyuaj rau txhua tus neeg xav tsis thoob, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum cov poj niam tseem tsis tau muaj cai tau txais kev paub hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv "" koj tuaj yeem pom txawv "tus lwm thawj" thiab "tus sawv cev". Thiab nyob rau hauv "" - txawm "tus thawj tswj hwm".

Qhov tsis muaj feminitives hauv phau ntawv txhais lus tsis yog qhov teeb meem nkaus xwb. "Tus sau", "editor" thiab "blogger" txiav pob ntseg rau ntau, vim hais tias lawv contradict lub prevailing qauv ntawm lo lus tsim. Lub ntsiab lus "-ka" mus zoo nrog lub qia, nyob rau hauv uas lub suab lus kawg yog siab: tub ntxhais kawm - tub ntxhais kawm, Bolshevik - Bolshevik, neeg sau xov xwm - neeg sau xov xwm. Nyob rau hauv cov lus "blogger" thiab "editor" qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub xeem suab, yog li cov feminitives tsim los ntawm "-ka" suab txawv txawv.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj kev txwv tsis pub siv cov tokens zoo li no. Kev kawm "Russian Grammar" hais tias koj siv tsis tau feminitives nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ib tug txiv neej, thiab hais txog cov poj niam, koj muaj peev xwm siv txiv neej thiab poj niam npe. Ntawd yog, tsis muaj kev cai grammatical txwv tsis pub feminitives ua qhov tshwm sim. Tab sis nyob rau hauv "Phau Ntawv ntawm Spelling thiab Stylistics" los ntawm D. E. Rosenthal, cov lus hu ua tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke tau hais, uas khaws lawv daim ntawv txawm tias siv rau cov poj niam. Cov no suav nrog "tus kws lij choj", "tus kws tshaj lij", "tus kws sau ntawv" thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau, txhua yam tsis meej pem heev.

Lawv ua li cas?

Nws hloov tawm tias feminitives yog ib qho kev nthuav dav heev. Nws zoo nkaus li tias cov kev cai tsis txwv tsis pub muaj kev txwv, thiab txawm tias cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua siab ncaj rau lawv. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, kev sib tham ntawm feminitives yuav luag zoo li kev sib cav ntawm cov ntseeg thiab tsis ntseeg lossis Samsung cov tswv nrog Apple cov thwjtim. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 2018, ib tug menyuam kawm ntawv tau txais qhov qhab nia rau kev siv lo lus "intern" ntawm kev xeem ntawv hauv Lavxias. Ib tug thawj coj ntawm cheeb tsam Leningrad tau nplua xov xwm rau "tus kws sau ntawv" thiab "tus kws kho mob". Thiab tus kws sau ntawv Tatiana Tolstaya hais tias "feminitives yog qias neeg." Yog li ntawd yog vim li cas lawv thiaj li tsis lees paub?

Lavxias teb sab lus resists innovation

• Piv txwv li, piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus uas siv los tsim feminitives. Lub ntsiab lus "-ka", ntxiv rau qhov zoo dua rau cov stems nrog lub suab lus kawg, qee zaum muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Marinka yog ib tug kws tshuaj lossis, zoo li hauv Modulbank tsis ntev los no, tus ua lag luam.
• Ib zaj dab neeg zoo sib xws yog nrog cov lus "-ha". Piv txwv li, tsis muaj leej twg yuav raug hu ua tus kws kho mob uas muaj lub siab zoo (Efremova phau ntawv txhais lus piav qhia cov lus hais ua lus). Tsis tas li ntawd, lub ntsiab lus no tau siv los xaiv cov poj niam los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb lossis qib ntawm lawv cov txiv - miller, blacksmith.
• Ib yam yog nrog cov lus "-sha": tus general's thiab cov loj yog cov poj niam ntawm tus general thiab loj. Txawm hais tias philologists refute no thesis - Irina Fufaeva los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Linguistics ntawm Lavxias teb sab State University rau Humanities sau hais tias lub ntsiab lus "-sha" tsis yog ib txwm ib tug "tus poj niam lub ntsiab lus" ua ntej, thiab nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no nws twb txawm poob xws li ib tug suffix. semantic load.
• Tseem nyob rau hauv ancient Lavxias teb sab lo lus-tsim units "-inya", "-itsa" (tsarina, reaper, ntxhais huabtais, vajtswv poj niam, hluas) thiab lub borrowed Latin keeb "-ess" / "-is". Nws yog nrog lawv cov kev pab uas feem ntau ntawm cov tsim feminitives yog tsim - ib tug xib fwb, kws kos duab, davhlau neeg saib xyuas, headmistress. Tab sis txawm nrog cov lus kawg no, nws tsis yog ib txwm ua tau los tsim ib qho kev sib haum xeeb lexeme, lawv ua qee cov lus cumbersome thiab clumsy: philologist, psychologist, authorist, politician.

Dhau li ntawm cov lus kawg, muaj lwm yam teeb meem. Piv txwv li, plural. Koj txhais li cas pab pawg neeg uas muaj txiv neej thiab poj niam? "Cov thawj coj sib sau ua ke rau lub rooj sib tham …" - nws yuav zoo li tias tsuas yog txiv neej cov thawj coj tau sib sau ua ke. "Cov thawj coj thiab cov thawj coj tau sib sau ua ke rau lub rooj sib tham …" yog qhov tseeb ntawm cov poj niam tam sim no, tab sis nws ua rau cov ntawv hnyav dua, tsawg tus yuav pom zoo siv qhov kev xaiv no.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, monsters zoo li "Peb tus kws sau ntawv tshiab Ivanova tau sau rau hauv tsab xov xwm kawg …" los yog "muab so rau menyuam kawm ntawv Petrova" zoo li tsis tshua muaj phem.

Intersectional feminists (lawv tham tsis yog hais txog kev ntxub ntxaug poj niam txiv neej xwb, tab sis kuj hais txog kev tsim txom thiab kev tsim cai, uas yog, lawv tsa cov teeb meem ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug, kev ntxub ntxaug, homophobia thiab lwm yam kev ntxub ntxaug) nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sim ua hom lus poj niam txiv neej. nruab nrab, siv gender gap (poj niam txiv neej gap - poj niam txiv neej gap) - ib tug underscore uas hloov txiv neej thiab poj niam lo lus rau "sib piv": "journalist_ka" muaj xws li ob tug neeg sau xov xwm thiab ib tug neeg sau xov xwm, yog li ntawd tsis muaj leej twg yuav ua phem rau. Gendergaps, uas yog siv feem ntau hauv German, thiab tsis ntev los no tau tsiv mus rau Lavxias teb sab, yog, ntawm chav kawm, raug mob hnyav.

Tsis yog lub sijhawm rau feminitives?

Muaj kev xav tias cov neeg txhawb nqa (lossis, cia peb ua siab ncaj, cov neeg txhawb nqa) ntawm feminitives, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tshiab, zoo li cov "sau" ntev ntev, tab tom khiav ua ntej ntawm locomotive. Ntawd yog, ua ntej ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib raug zoo uas tuaj yeem ua rau qhov tseeb tias kev siv feminitives dav dav yuav dhau los ua cov qauv lus tsim. Hauv 2016, lawv tau nthuav tawm ntawm World Economic Forum. Hauv qhov kev ntaus nqi no, Russia nyob hauv 71st qhov chaw, uas txhais tau hais tias peb tseem nyob deb heev ntawm kev tsim cai lij choj thiab kev sib luag ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam. Nws hloov tawm tias peb tab tom tham txog kev hloov cov qauv lus hauv lub tebchaws uas cov poj niam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv txhua txoj hauv kev, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev tsim txom hauv tsev. Yog tias peb xav txog cov lus tsuas yog daim iav ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua tiag tiag thiab tsis lees paub tias nws cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb kev xav ntawm tib neeg, kev qhia txog poj niam yuav zoo li ntxov ntxov. Thaum de facto muaj vaj huam sib luag tau tiav, cov lus no yuav dhau los ua tus qauv lus.

Cov poj niam ua txhaum ntawm "editor" thiab "sau"

Nws yuav tsis ua yam tsis muaj phau ntawv piv txwv: Marina Tsvetaeva xav hu ua ib tug kws sau paj lug, tsis yog ib tug kws sau paj lug, yog li hais tias nws yuav sau paj huam tsis muaj phem tshaj cov txiv neej. Anna Akhmatova qhia txoj haujlwm no. "Alas! Ib tug kws sau paj huam yuav tsum yog txiv neej …”, nws sau. Ib puas xyoo tom qab, ntau tus poj niam tseem ntseeg tias "tus kws qhia ntawv" suab qis tshaj li "tus kws qhia ntawv", thiab lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm "tus kws sau ntawv" nrog "tus kws kho". Tej zaum yog vim li cas "tus thawj tswj hwm", "tus sawv cev" thiab lwm yam feminitives uas tau siv nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm tau tawm ntawm kev siv. Thiab raws li tus kws kho mob ntawm Philology Maxim Krongauz, feminitives ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tsis siv lawm, vim hais tias poj niam txiv neej tsis sib xws tam sim no siab dua li ntawd.

Yuav ua li cas? Koj yuav tsum siv feminitives?

Fabkis tsis ntev los no tau tso cai siv feminitives hauv cov ntaub ntawv raug cai. Peb tsis muaj cai pom zoo lossis txwv tsis pub lawv. Feminitives yog xaiv tau. Tab sis yog tias koj xav tau thiab qhov no xav tau los ntawm kev nkag siab zoo - yog vim li cas tsis. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws los txog rau lub zoo-tsim lus feminitives - lawv yeej tsis contradict cov kev cai thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov fighters rau lub immutability ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus.

Nrog cov feminitives uas tsis nyob hauv phau ntawv txhais lus, txhua yam yog qhov nyuaj me ntsis. Koj yuav tsum xav txog qhov twg koj xav siv lo lus thiab hauv cov ntsiab lus twg. Hauv kev ua lag luam style, koj yuav tsum ua yam tsis muaj feminitives rau tam sim no. Tab sis lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntawv tseeb - piv txwv li, hauv cov ntawv tshiab los ntawm Ivan Efremov, luam tawm rov qab rau xyoo 1959 ("geologist", "chauffeur", "agronomine"), thiab hauv qee qhov xov xwm ("Afisha", Wonderzine). Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, lus yog ib tug mobile, yas khoom, nws yuav inevitably hloov, xav txog keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai hloov. Tsuas yog lus tuag xwb tsis hloov. Tej zaum tib neeg yuav muaj ib hnub tau siv lub tswv yim tias cov kws sau ntawv tsis phem dua li cov kws sau ntawv, thiab cov lus no yuav tsis ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab lossis luag ntxhi.